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HOS Unit 4 > 10 Digestive System II--Esophagus to Stomach > Flashcards

10 Digestive System II--Esophagus to Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

Does the early embryo undergo median folding (head and tail) or horizontal folding (lateral body fold)?

A

BOTH- and in doing so the digestive tract is formed [along with thoracic and abdominal cavities, heart, pleura, peritoneal membrane etc.]

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2
Q

What is included in the foregut?

A

esophagus to proximal duodenum

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3
Q

What is included in the midgut?

A

distal duodenum to proximal colon [also includes accessory organs of digestion]

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4
Q

What is included in the hind gut?

A

distal colon to the anal canal [I think generally the hind gut includes the last 1/3 of the transverse colon on down]

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5
Q

What is the epithelial layer in the esophagus?

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous

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6
Q

What is found in the lamina propria of the esophagus?

A
  • esophageal cardiac glands [mucous-only in most distal region near stomach]
  • lymphoid aggregates
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7
Q

What is found in the esophagus submucosa?

A

esophageal glands [mucous secreting for bolus passage]

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8
Q

What 2 types of muscle are generally found throughout the muscular is extern of the esophagus?

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal

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9
Q

Is the upper 1/3 of the esophagus muscle smooth muscle?

A

NO–skeletal muscle [last 1/3 is smooth and the middle is mixed]

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10
Q

What type of tissue makes up the esophageal adventitia/ serosa?

A

loose irregular connective tissue adventitia and then gets covered by peritoneum near hiatus and becomes serosa

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11
Q

Is the stomach only a chemical digester?

A

No mechanical as well

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12
Q

What are the 4 distinct regions of the stomach?

A

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

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13
Q

What type of epithelium is in the stomach? what do they produce?

A

simple columnar- cells produce neutral mucous

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14
Q

Besides epithelial cells, what else exists in the epithelial layer of the stomach?

A

gastric pits and gastric glands-

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15
Q

T-F– the gastric pits and glands do not extend to the lamina propria?

A

false

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16
Q

What is different about the muscular is extern in the stomach?

A

It has an innermost oblique layer

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17
Q

What muscle layer forms the pyloric sphincter?

A

middle circular layer [think of the direction of the fibers for the job]

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18
Q

T-F– the outer layer of the stomach is covered by mesothelium?

A

True- peritonized within the abdomen

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19
Q

What gland is most common in the stomach?

A

principal gastric gland

20
Q

What cell type makes up the gastric pit?

A

surface mucous cell [same as columnar epithelial and secrete a neutral mucous]

21
Q

What gastric gland cell secretes mucous to protect stomach from self digestion?

A

neck mucous cell

22
Q

What gastric gland cell is mainly located in the upper portion of the gland, are largely rounded with a central nucleus?

A

parietal (oxyntic) cell

23
Q

What gastric gland cell stains very eosinophilic?

A

parietal cell

24
Q

What does the parietal cell secrete?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

25
Q

Why are many mitochondria needed in parietal cells?

A

ATP needed to drive process of H and Cl locations for HCl production

26
Q

Is the proton pump in the parietal cell an anti porter or symporter? with what molecule?

A

anti—-K+

27
Q

Where does the HCl formation actually take place?

A

in the canaliculus

28
Q

What is a glycoprotein required for uptake of vitamin B12 in the gut?

A

intrinsic factor

29
Q

What is found in the stomach of many people with gastric ulcers?

A

H. pylori- helical shape and flagellum allow it to burrow into mucous and stay protected–

30
Q

What can impairment of intrinsic factor lead to?

A

pernicious anemia—B12 uptake is down which is needed during the process of hematopoiesis

31
Q

What gastric gland cell is located in the lower portion and stains basophilic? what do they secrete?

A

chief cell- pepsinogen and rennin/chymosin

32
Q

What activated pepsinogen?

A

HCl in the stomach lumen clips off those extra 44 amino acids that blocked the active site

33
Q

What does chymosin do?

A

curdle and coagulate milk to maximize time in stomach

34
Q

T-F–rennin is the preferred method to make cheese?

A

True

35
Q

What gastric gland cells are part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system?

A

enteroendocrine cell-release a variety of hormones into blood vessels

36
Q

Where are the G cells located in the stomach? what hormone? causes what?

A
  • body and pylorus
  • gastrin
  • increase parietal cell/chief cell secretion & contraction of m. externa
37
Q

Where are the D cells located in the stomach? what hormone? causes what?

A
  • pylorus
  • somatostatin [triggered by increased acid]
  • targets G cells to inhibit their release
38
Q

Where is the ghrelin cell located in the stomach? what hormone? causes what?

A
  • body
  • ghrelin [low glucose response]
  • targets hypothalamus to increase appetite
39
Q

Are there goblet cells in the stomach?

A

No

40
Q

What are the key features of the cardiac glands?

A
  • in cardia
  • short gastric pits
  • long coiled gastric glands
  • primarily mucous cells
41
Q

What are key features of principal glands?

A
  • in fundus and body
  • the gastric pits are short
  • long and branched gastric glands
  • full complements of stomach cells
42
Q

What do neuroendocrine cells secrete in the fundus and body of the stomach?

A

ghrelin and gastrin

43
Q

What are the key characteristics of pyloric glands?

A
  • in the pylorus
  • the gastric pits are long
  • glands are short and coiled
  • primarily mucous secreting cells
44
Q

What do neuroendocrine cells secrete in the pylorus of the stomach?

A

gastrin and somatostatin

45
Q

What glands have short gastric pits?

A

principal and cardiac

46
Q

What happens in Barrett’s esophagus?

A

metaplasia–> normal stratified squamous of esophagus changes to columnar epithelium [chronic exposure to stomach acids and enzymes during reflux esophagitis]

HOS Unit 4 (18 decks)

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