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HOS Unit 4 > 1 Urinary System > Flashcards

1 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

does the urinary system have exocrine and endocrine functions?

A

Yes
[filters, stores and excretes……conserves salts, glucose, proteins, and H2O to regulate BP and influence acid-base balance]

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2
Q

What are the 2 major functions of the kidney/nephron?

A

Homeostasis and secretion of hormones

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3
Q

What is maintenance of a stable extracellular environment for normal cell function?

A

Homeostasis

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4
Q

What are the 3 main processes by which urine formation is controlled?

A

Filtration, secretion, reabsorption

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5
Q

Where is the formation of urine specifically controlled by?

A

nephron

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6
Q

Where is blood plasma selectively filtered?

A

glomerulus

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7
Q

What contains the waste products of metabolism dissolved in water? Where does it enter?

A

glomerular filtrate

enters kidney tubules

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8
Q

What modifies the filtrate by transferring substances from surrounding capillaries into the fluid?

A

tubules of the nephron

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9
Q

What does secretion of substance into nephron tubules play an important role in maintaining?

A
  1. potassium balance [remove excess]

2. Acid-base balance [remove excess H and NH4]

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10
Q

What does reabsorption in the nephron tubules play a major role in maintaining?

A
  1. extracellular fluid volume and BP
  2. Water conservation
  3. Sodium Balance [bring back to blood]
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11
Q

What is produced in kidneys, protease, participates in regulation of blood pressure?

A

Renin-[renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system]

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12
Q

What is produced in the kidney and stimulates production of RBCs?

A

erythropoietin

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13
Q

What structures are in the kidney hilum?

A

renal artery
renal vein
renal pelvis
ureter

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14
Q

What is the external connective tissue layer of the kidney?

A

renal capsule

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15
Q

What is the outer reddish brown part of the kidney?

A

cortex

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16
Q

what is the inner segmented part of the kidney?

A

medulla

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17
Q

what is the region of the medulla that projects into a minor calyx?

A

papilla

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18
Q

what are numerous narrow tributaries that drain urine away from each papilla?

A

minor calyx

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19
Q

What consists of a renal pyramid and half a renal column on each side and a cortex base and renal papilla apex?

A

renal lobe

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20
Q

what extends into medulla to create a renal column?

A

cortex

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21
Q

what are the tiny holes in the renal papilla called?

A

area cribrosa

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22
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney and responsible for the production and modification of urine?

A

uriniferous tubule

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23
Q

What are the 2 embryologically distinct components of the uriniferous tubule?

A

nephron and collecting duct

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24
Q

What embryological origin is the nephron from?

A

metanephros

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25
What is the collecting duct derived from?
ureteric bud
26
T-F--vessels in the kidney are often named according to their location within the kidney?
true
27
Is the kidney well insulated?
yes
28
This is a slide to review blood flow through the kidney, if you think you can handle it please try if not just read it. There will be some short questions later about it…what is the path flow in the kidney starting with the renal artery?
renal a.-->segmental a.--> interlobar a. --> arcuate a.--> interlobular a. --> afferent arteriole --> glomerulus --> efferent arteriole --> peritubular capillaries (around convoluted tubulues) --> vasa recta (around loop of hence) -> inter lobular vein --> arcuate vein --> inter lobar vein --> renal vein
29
Are their 2 inter lobar artery portions?
No, it is inter lobar first then after arcuate there is interlobular
30
Does the arcuate a. come before the segmental artery?
No
31
What is a renal lobule centered about? what are they flanked by?
medullary ray and is flanked on each side by interlobular arteries
32
What is a series of straight collecting ducts that extend from cortex into medulla and drain a collection of nephrons?
medullary ray
33
What are branches of arcuate arteries that supply the renal cortex?
interlobular artery
34
What are the contents of the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus engulfed by bowman's capsule [nephron]
35
T-F---the afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent?
True
36
what is CT around the arterioles that does not enter glomerulus replaced by? 2 roles?
mesangial cells [phagocytic and contractile]
37
Are endothelial cells of the glomerulus fenestrated?
yes 70-90 nm
38
What is the order of basal lamina layers of glomerulus?
lamina rara interna [ endothelial] lamina densa [thickest] lamina rara externa [closest to podocyte]
39
what is the visceral layer of bowman's capsules?
podocytes
40
What do primary process of podocytes give off?
pedicels--->interdigitate
41
What are the spaces between pedicels called?
filtration slits 20-40 nm wide
42
What is a thin membrane that spans adjacent pedicels---what does it contain?
slit diaphragm---pores called nephrons
43
what is parietal layer of bowman's made of?
simple squamous epithelium
44
What is the filtrate volume reduced by in the proximal convoluted tubule? what is absorbed? what is diffused?
75% Na absorbed Cl diffused
45
What is the epithelial layer of the proximal convoluted tubule? what may distinguish them in histo?
- simple cuboidal with microvilli | - large cells and section may miss nucleus
46
What is the diff in epithelium of thick and thin loop of henle
thick-simple cuboidal | thin- simple squamous
47
What plays a huge role in making urine hypertonic?
nephron---conserves water
48
What is responsible for absorption of Na and secretion of K through sodium pumps in its epithelial cells and regulated by aldosterone?
distal convoluted tubule- maintain body's water-salt balance
49
What secretes H and NH4 in urine to help maintain acid- base chemistry?
distal convoluted tubule
50
Key histo features of distal convoluted tubules?
simple cuboidal few microvilli small cells ---all nuclei present short
51
When is the collecting duct epithelium permeable to water?
PRESENCE OF ADH
52
What are the key histo features of the collecting duct?
simple cuboidal to low columnar cells bulge into large lumen large central nucleus prominent intercellular boundaries
53
What do numerous collecting ducts converge into?
ducts of bellini
54
what is the epithelium of ducts of bellini?
simple columnar epithelium
55
The juxtaglomerular apparatus contains what 3 types of cells?
- macula densa - extra-glomerular mesangial cells - juxtaglomerular granular cells
56
What do macula dense cells do in response to High Na levels?
release vasoactive compounds to mesangial cells that then contract
57
what are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arterioles that contain zymogen and rich sympathetic innervation?
juxtaglomerular cells
58
What leads to increased autonomic stimulation of the JG cells and cause them to release renin?
decreased arterial blood pressure
59
What does renin cleave?
angiotensinogen
60
What does angiotensin II do in the adrenal glands?
cause release of aldosterone
61
What does aldosterone promote?
Na and water reabsorption from the DCT into peritubular capillaries
62
What type of epithelium is in the excretory passageways?
transitional with a very elastic lamina propria
63
t-f---there is a thick zone of smooth musclee to transport urine through lumen?
T- muscularis externa
64
What else does the bladder have along with the dense irregular CT adventitia?
serosa
65
How do the ureters enter the walls of the bladder to prevent back flow?
sharply oblique
66
What part of the bladder is not folded?
trigone
67
How many muscle layers of bladder?
3 interlaced
68
what are the names of the sections of male urethra?
prostatic, membranous, spongy
69
What type of epithelium is membranous portion of urethra?
stratified columnar and patchy pseudo stratified columnar
70
what type of epithelium in the spongy urethra?
stratified squamous non-keratinized

HOS Unit 4 (18 decks)

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