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10 Flashcards

1
Q

What causes movement in building components?

A
  • Thermal movement
  • Moisture movement
  • Elastic deformation and creep
  • Construction tolerances and other considerations
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2
Q

Steel movement types in buildings

A

Thermal, elastic deformation.

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3
Q

Concrete movement types in buildings

A

Thermal, elastic deformation, creep, and reversible moisture.

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4
Q

Concrete masonry movement types in buildings

A

Thermal, elastic deformation, creep, and reversible moisture.

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5
Q

Brick masonry movement types in buildings

A

Thermal, elastic deformation, creep, and irreversible moisture.

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6
Q

Wood movement types in buildings

A

Thermal, elastic deformation, creep, and reversible moisture.

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7
Q

Annual temperature range that a component is subjected to

A

This is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures of the component.

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8
Q

Thermal Movement

A

Generally the most critical movement, because it occurs in all components, particularly those exposed to the exterior climate, such as exterior walls.

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9
Q

Moisture movement in steel, copper, and aluminum

A

Moisture movement in steel, copper, and aluminum

These materials are generally dimensionally stable with respect to moisture.

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10
Q

Moisture movement in portland cement

A

Materials with a portland cement base tend to shrink due to moisture loss.

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11
Q

Moisture movement in concrete and masonry

A

Clay masonry units expand on absorption of water or water vapor. This expansion is irreversible.

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12
Q

Moisture movement in wood

A

Wood shrinks and swells, depending on the ambient air’s humidity and temperature, changing in dimensions.

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13
Q

Material with the highest coefficient of thermal expansion

A

Plastics.

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14
Q

Creep Deflection

A

Time-dependent additional deflection of the beam is known as________.

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15
Q

Elastic Deformation

A

Building components are designed to remain elastic under loads. Also known as instantaneous deformation. These are routinely determined for all types of structures and are a part of the structural calculations.

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16
Q

Joint detailing of an expansion joint

A

The filler of the joint must be elastomeric to allow for unrestrained movement of the components.

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17
Q

Joint detailing of a control joint

A

This filler can be elastomeric or nonelastomeric. The detailing must allow for unrestrained shrinkage of the components.

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18
Q

Difference between expansion joint and control joint

A

Control joints occur in concrete masonry or masonry walls. Expansion joints are provided in almost all components because temperature-induced movement is universal.

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19
Q

Purpose of sealing a joint

A

Primary reason: to prevent water penetration. Control of air leakage, dust penetration, and noise transmission are additional benefits.

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20
Q

In addition to joint sealants, what other components are important to a sealed joint?

A
  • Substrate
  • Primer
  • Sealant Backup
  • Bond Breaker
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21
Q

What is important for sealed joints with regards to the substrate?

A

The chemical compatibility of the sealant with the substrate material is critical to the adhesion of the sealant.

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22
Q

Purpose of a primer in sealed joints

A

Improve adhesion of the sealant to substrate.

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23
Q

Backer rod functions

A
  • Controls depth and shape of sealant
  • Allows the tooling of the sealant, which gives adhesion between the sealant and substrate
  • Acts as a temporary joint seal until the sealant is applied
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24
Q

Bond Breaker

A

This is required only if the third surface is hard and unyielding (e.g., concrete, metal, masonry).

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25
Q

Three categories of joint sealants

A
  • Preformed Tapes
  • Caulks
  • Elastomeric Sealants
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26
Q

Types of elastomeric sealants

A
  • Polyisobutylene
  • Acrylics
  • Polyurethane
  • Polysulfide
  • Silicone
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27
Q

What elastomeric sealants are best for minimal movement and are used as caulking materials?

A

Polyisobutylene and acrylic sealants.

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28
Q

What is the most important property of a sealant?

A

It is its ability to withstand cyclic joint movements. Sealants are classified into three categories:

  • Low-range
  • Medium-range
  • High-range
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29
Q

Low-Range Sealants

A

Have limited movement ability to the order of 5% or less. Included in this category are

  • Oil-based caulks
  • Butyl or acrylic caulks
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30
Q

Medium-Range Sealants

A

Have movement range of up to 12.5%.

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31
Q

High-Range Sealants

A

Have movement range larger than 12.5%. Silicone is considered to be in this category and has a movement range of more than 50%.

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32
Q

Lapped Joints

A

Joints that do not need to be sealed because building components overlap. Examples of these joints are:

  • Joints between exterior wall siding
  • Joints between roof shingles or tiles
  • Joints between underlayment felts below shingles
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33
Q

Life expectancy in sealants

A

This refers to the time after which the sealant is first installed that it would need to be reapplied. High-grade sealants have a life expectancy of more than 20 years.

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34
Q

Energy Star Labels

A

Introduced by the EPA to recognize energy-efficient computers, this is an international energy-labeling system that labels home and office appliances, light sources, windows, etc.

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35
Q

Certified Wood Label

A

Carried by wood products that have been produced by manufacturers according to guidelines promulgated by the Forest Stewardship Council.

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36
Q

Green Label and Green Label Plus

A

Mark assigned to the carpet, rug, and cushion materials that have low VOC emissions. Green Label Plus is more stringent.

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37
Q

Green Seal Label

A

A comprehensive, life-cycle environmental evaluation of a product based on EPA and International Standards Organizations standards.

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38
Q

Casement Window

A

This window type may consist of one operable sash. The sash closes on the frame with pressure providing a compression seal. This window is generally less prone to air leakage and can be more energy efficient than single, double, or sliding windows. It can provide 100% ventilation.

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39
Q

Sliding Window

A

This window type consists of one sash that slides horizontally over a fixed sash. It can provide up to 50% ventilation.

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40
Q

Awning Window

A

This window type is similar to a casement window but provides rain protection when partially open. It opens from the bottom and hinges at the top. It can provide 100% ventilation.

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41
Q

Hopper Window

A

This window type is similar to an awning window but opens inward at the top. It can provide 100% ventilation.

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42
Q

Pivoting Window

A

This window type may be pivoted at the center or off-center. It allows for up to 100% ventilation.

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43
Q

Double-Hung Window

A

This window type consists of two sashes, both of which can slide up and down. The maximum ventilation provided is 50%.

44
Q

Single-Hung Window

A

This window type consists of one sash that can slide vertically over a fixed lite. It can provide up to 50% ventilation.

45
Q

Fixed Window

A

Generally does not have a sash because the glass is held directly by the window frame. There is 0% ventilation.

46
Q

Triple Hung Window

A

This window type consists of three sashes, all of which can slide up and down. It provides ventilation both from the top and bottom.

47
Q

Picture Window

A

This is a fixed window that has a width larger than height to provide a panoramic view.

48
Q

Five materials used in contemporary windows

A
  • Wood
  • Aluminum
  • Steel
  • Vinyl
  • Fiberglass
49
Q

Advantages of wood windows

A

This is one of the oldest window materials. It has a high R-value and its warmth and beauty make it desirable. They are generally used in high-end homes and offices.

50
Q

Advantages of aluminum windows

A

This is the most common window material. It is not subject to moisture shrinkage and swelling. They require very little maintenance. They have a lot of flexibility and malleability and can be extruded into complex cross sections.

51
Q

Advantages of vinyl and fiberglass windows

A

These windows require no painting and are available in a variety of non-fading colors. They are maintenance-free because the material doesn’t corrode or degrade.

52
Q

Advantages of steel windows

A

These windows are strong and frame members can be narrower than those of other materials, giving a sleeker appearance.

53
Q

Windows must be tested for:

A
  • Resistance to wind loads
  • Resistance to water leakage
  • Resistance to air leakage
  • Resistance to forced entry
54
Q

Subsill

A

This is a part of a window that catches incidental water that might leak into the window. It has end dams to prevent its runoff from the ends and also weep holes to let the water drain out.

55
Q

Name the ratings that fire doors come in.

A

3-hour-, 90-minute-, 60-minute-, 45-minute-, and 20-minute-rated door.

56
Q

What is the purpose of a 20-minute fire-rated door?

A

This door’s purpose is to minimize the transmission of smoke from one side of the door to the other. It is usually required in a 1-hour-rated corridor wall.

57
Q

What are hollow metal doorframes made from?

A

Sheet steel that is pressed into shape.

58
Q

What are two ways hollow metal doorframes can be installed?

A

1) Buts against the jambs of a CMU wall

2) Wraps around the jambs of a CMU wall

59
Q

Stile

A

A vertical sash member.

60
Q

Rail

A

A horizontal sash member.

61
Q

Muntins

A

Thin horizontal and vertical dividers, commonly used in early windows when large sheets of glass were not available.

62
Q

Weather Stripping

A

A strip of resilient material that provides a seal between the sash and the frame to reduce air and water leakage.

63
Q

Glazing Stop

A

A feature that holds the glass against the rabbet in the sash or frame.

64
Q

Rabbet

A

A step in a sash or frame cross section against which the glass is held.

65
Q

Gasket

A

A strip of resilient material between the glass and the glazing pocket.

66
Q

Daylight Opening

A

Visible glass area in a window.

67
Q

Window Hardware

A

Hinges, latches, locks, levers, and so on.

68
Q

Stool

A

A horizontal trim member that abuts against the windowsill and covers the rough sill.

69
Q

Jamb Extension

A

A horizontal or vertical trim that covers the rough head and jamb and extends the depth of window frame.

70
Q

Apron

A

The trim installed on the wall under the stool.

71
Q

Casing

A

Decorative members that cover the joints between adjacent materials.

72
Q

Rough Opening

A

The opening within which the window is placed.

73
Q

Punched Window

Strip Windows and Glazing

Window Wall and Glass Curtain Wall

A

A window with an opaque wall around it.

An array of windows placed side by side to form a horizontal strip window system.

A wall in which the windows extend from floor to roof or from floor to floor, called a window wall.

74
Q

Projected Window

A

Includes windows whose sashes project out of the window plane when open, such as casement, awning, hopper, and pivoted windows.

75
Q

Nailing Flange

A

Some manufacturers provide windows with this. It runs continuously over the outside of a window frame and functions as a flashing. It provides a means of anchoring the window-to-wall opening.

76
Q

What are the two most important components of a window?

A

1) Window frame

2) Window sash

77
Q

Alclad

A

This material contains an aluminum alloy core that is metallurgically bonded to pure aluminum on the surface. It is a more expensive process than anodizing and is commonly used in aircrafts.

78
Q

What are two types of paint finishes for aluminum?

A

1) Baked-enamel coating

2) Fluoropolymer coating

79
Q

PVDF Finish

A

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) resin; strong and durable and is primarily suited for exterior applications. A wide range of colors, including exotic colors are available. It comes with two types of durability ratings: 5 year and 10 year.

80
Q

What are three commonly used glass-aluminum wall systems?

A

1) Glass-aluminum curtain walls
2) Punched and strip glazing systems
3) Storefront systems

81
Q

What are the five categories glass curtain wall systems are divided into?

A

1) Stick-built systems
2) Unitized systems
3) Unit and mullion systems
4) Panel systems
5) Column cover and spandrel systems

82
Q

What are two types of mullion spans generally used in stick-built glass curtain walls?

A

1) Single-span mullion systems: each mullion extends only over one floor.
2) Twin-span mullion systems: the mullions extend over two floors.

83
Q

A stick-built glass curtain wall is anchored to the structure through ________.

A

Mullions.

84
Q

Purpose of exterior and interior gaskets on a curtain wall

A

This prevents water from leaking through the wall. Curtain walls have accommodations for the drainage of water if it penetrates beyond gaskets.

85
Q

Most important requirement for a curtain wall

A

The most important requirement is its ability to resist lateral loads, specifically wind loads, including missile-impact resistance in hurricane-prone areas.

86
Q

Important design criteria for a curtain wall

A
  • Air-infiltration control
  • Rainwater- and meltwater-penetration control
  • U-value
  • Solar heat gain
  • Condensation resistance
  • Vapor diffusion
  • Acoustical transmission
  • Hurricane resistance
  • Seismic resistance
  • Thermal and structural movement
  • Glass-cleaning equipment load
87
Q

Minimum requirements for treads and risers

A

Minimum tread width: 11”

Riser height: 4–7”

88
Q

Most commonly used stair shape

A

U-shape stair. Two flights of stairs between floors with a mid-floor landing.

89
Q

Circular Stair

A

This stairwell may consist of all winders and can take many shapes. A spiral stair is a special type within this category, where the treads twist around a column and are cantilevered from it. The building code has severe restrictions on the use of spiral stairs.

90
Q

Head Room

A

Minimum clearance between a tread and a projection above. Building codes generally require the head room to be a minimum of 80” at any point on the stair.

91
Q

Guard Unit

A

This protects the edge of a stair, which is exposed. It is required by code and has a minimum height of 42”. The clear distance between openings is 4” diameter.

92
Q

Nosing projections

A

Less than 1 1/4”.

93
Q

Handgrip requirements for handrail

A

Circular cross section between 1 1/4” and 2 5/8”; noncircular profiles must provide equivalent graspability.

94
Q

Stair width design criteria

A

This is a function of occupant load but not less than 48” for enclosed stairs, 44” for open exit stairs, or 36” for a stair serving an occupant load of less than 50 or a residential stair.

95
Q

Equation for determining riser and tread dimensions in a stair

A

2R + T = 24” to 25”.

96
Q

The rise of one flight of stairs is usually limited to ____.

A

12’ per code.

97
Q

Most important part of a wood stair

A

Carriages: structural elements of a stair that are specially cut to support the treads.

98
Q

Landing Frame

A

Landing of a steel stair framed with structural steel members as a unit. The frame is supported by suspending it from the upper-level floor beams with hanger bars.

99
Q

Helical Stair

A

Self-supporting, circular steel stairs can be constructed with or without landings. These are fairly common in steel, concrete, and wood. There is no central column support.

100
Q

Two types of subfloors

A

1) Concrete subfloor: elevated concrete floors and concrete slabs-on-grade
2) Wood subfloors: wood panels supported by wood light frame or light-gauge steel frame members

101
Q

Slip Resistance

A

Floor coverings should be resistant to people slipping and falling.

102
Q

Types, amount, and frequency of traffic

A

Floor coverings should be suitable for the abrasive impact that pedestrian foot traffic will have on it. Foot traffic impact can be measured by the number of crossings per day.

103
Q

Durability and longevity of floor coverings

A

Should be durable enough to endure any expected use and provide an adequate service life; should be selected to resist staining from liquids, chemicals, and reagents.

104
Q

Flammability of floor coverings

A

Building codes require resistance to fire propagation for some applications.

105
Q

Sound absorption of floor coverings

A

Floor coverings that absorb sound can lower the airborne noise level within rooms.

106
Q

Sound isolation of floor coverings

A

Floor coverings can improve the impact insulation class when building codes mandate minimum sound isolation requirements for floors.

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