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Communicating in relationships > 1 - Types, Interpersonal/Relational Communication and Minicultures > Flashcards

1 - Types, Interpersonal/Relational Communication and Minicultures Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: Interpersonal communication

Principle 1

A
  • Interpersonal communication consists of a variety of verbal and non-verbal messages
  • Messages can be exchanged through different channels; face to face and computer mediated (CMC)
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2
Q

Define: Interpersonal communication

Principle 1 - Non-verbal behaviours

A

Non-verbal behaviours:

  • Kinesics
  • Vocalics
  • Proxemics
  • Haptics
  • Appearance and adornment
  • Artefacts and environmental cues
  • Chronemics
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3
Q

Examples: Interpersonal communication

Principle 1

x 5

A

Proxemics - closeness and space; sitting in a restaurant at a small table for two signifies intimacy

Vocalics - sounds; a stern tone indicates anger or disappointment, crying indicates upset or happiness

Haptics - touch; couple holding hands or cuddling signifies intimacy and closeness

Environmental cues - objects, lighting and music; making dinner for a loved one with candles and their favourite music shows care

Chronemics - use of time; being late may show a disregard for someone or disrespect

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4
Q

Define: Interpersonal communication

Principle 2

A
  • Communication as inevitable; it is impossible to not communicate
  • Everything we do has a message value
  • A person must send a message intentionally OR it must be perceived by a receiver and they assign meaning to the behaviour
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5
Q

Examples: Interpersonal communication

Principle 2

Face to face and CMC

A

Face to face - a neutral face can be perceived as boredom or anger (eg. resting bitch face)

CMC - If you don’t reply to messages friends may perceive this as something being wrong or you being annoyed with them; your phone may just be broken

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6
Q

Define: Interpersonal communication

Principle 3

1, 2a-c and 3

A
  • People use interpersonal communication to fulfil goals
  1. Self-presentational goals
    - The image that we convey
    - We are what people think we are
  2. Relational goals
    - How we communicate feelings about others

a) Activity-based
- Doing things with someone

b) Relational-based
- Wanting to initiate, escalate, maintain or de-escalate relationships

c) Advice-based
- Giving advice to peers and parents

  1. Instrumental goals
    - Task orientated
    - Can be facilitated by asking for advice
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7
Q

Examples: Interpersonal communication

Principle 3

A
  1. Self-presentational goals - Before meeting your new boss you may dress very smartly to make a good first impression and to seem serious
  2. Relational goals

a) Activity-based
- eg. a date, holiday

b) Relational-based
- eg. avoiding someone that you do not want to be friends with anymore

c) Advice-based
- Eg. Telling your friend her boyfriend doesn’t deserve to get them to break up

  1. Instrumental goals
    - eg. getting into University, finding a boyfriend and going food shopping
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8
Q

Define: Interpersonal communication

Principle 4

A
  • Interpersonal communication varies in effectiveness, with the most effective messages leading to shared meaning between a sender and receiver
  • Receiver attaches the same meaning as the sender = success
  • Receiver attaches different meaning to sender = failure
  • Misinterpretation = unintentional message misconstrued by receiver
  • Accidental communication = unintentional message received correctly
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9
Q

Example: Interpersonal communication

Principle 4

A

Girlfriend: The last time we went on holiday together was 2 years ago!
Boyfriend: Yeah, let’s go on holiday this year

vs

Girlfriend: The last time we went on holiday together was 2 years ago!
Boyfriend: Isn’t it good that we are saving money!

Non-shared meaning

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10
Q

Define: Interpersonal communication

Principle 5

A
  • Every message contains both content and relational information
  • Content = info at literal level
  • Relational = provides context for interpreting message
  • Relationship type and non-verbal behaviours influence relational information
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11
Q

Example: Interpersonal communication

Principle 5

A

Asking girlfriend “What are we making for dinner tonight?”

Received as

  • “I expect you to have planned it and make it for me”
  • “Lets have dinner together tonight”
  • “Lets not have dinner in tonight, lets go out”
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12
Q

Define: Interpersonal communication

Principle 6

A
  • Interpersonal communication can be symmetrical or asymmetrical
  • Dyadic nature of communication
  • Symmetrical = exchanging similar relation info or messages
  • Asymmetrical = exchanging different kinds of information; opposite meaning or one using behaviour more than the other
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13
Q

Example: Interpersonal communication

Principle 6

A

Symmetrical
- Saying “I love you” to your son and him saying it back

  • Shouting “Why haven’t you put the bins out?” and boyfriend replying “Why haven’t you emptied the dishwasher?”

Asymmetrical
- Saying “I love you” to your son and him saying “Ew no that’s gross”

  • Hugging your friend tightly and them not hugging you back
  • Smiling at a friend and them not smiling back
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14
Q

Define: Relational communication

Principle 1

A
  • Relationships emerge across ongoing interactions between partners
  • Interactions can add new information to relationships
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15
Q

Example: Relational communication

Principle 1

A
  • Getting engaged
  • Arguments
  • Having a baby
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16
Q

Define: Relational communication

Principle 2

A
  • Relationships contextualise messages
  • Context and relationship are critical to understanding message meaning
  • Messages out of context are received very differently
  • Every message has a content and relational meaning
17
Q

Example: Relational communication

Principle 2

A
  • Frowning at a stranger is perceived differently than frowning at a friend
  • A kiss from your mum doesn’t have the same meaning as a kiss from a date
18
Q

Define: Relational communication

Principle 3

A
  • Communication sends a variety of relational messages
  • Seven messages rigid in role relationships, more fluid in close relationships
  • The fundamental relational themes
  1. Dominance/submission (MAIN)
  2. Level of intimacy (MAIN)
19
Q

Example: Relational communication

Principle 3

A

Level of intimacy - may change if a couple have an argument and then make up

Social composure - calmness and confidence in communication; a student has good social composure if they can speak clearly, confidently and retain eye contact during a presentation

Task-social interaction - Students working together have task oriented goals that are the focus with off-topic chat kept to a minimum

20
Q

Define: Relational communication

Principle 4

A
  • Relational communication is dynamic
  • Relationships and relational communication is constantly changing
  • Successful people learn to alter their communication to meet changing goals
21
Q

Example: Relational communication

Principle 4

A
  • Parents voice becomes less authoritative as children become teenagers
  • Communication between friends that become romantically involved will change
  • Long distance couples will change how they communicate when they live together; may not be successful
22
Q

Define: Relational communication

Principle 5

A
  • Relational communication follows linear and non-linear patterns
  • Every relationship has it’s own trajectory
  • Some researchers say it is linear (increased self disclosure and non-verbal affection as time passes)
  • Some say it’s non-linear eg. up and down; fights, making up
23
Q

Example: Relational communication

Principle 5

A
  • High self-disclosure and intimacy at start of relationship
  • Takes a dip at first large fight
  • When making up it may increase to more than it originally was
  • Financial stress may cause a dip due to arguments or not talking to each other as much
24
Q

Define: Miniculture

Made of?

A
  • A small scale culture created between two people when they are in a relationship
  • Guided by cultural blue print; modify it to create miniculture
  • No such things as two for couples, the relationship makes them a 3
  • Relationship is characterised by a unique system of communication
  • Made of metaphors, narratives, idioms and relational identities
25
Q

Define: Miniculture

Metaphors

Example

A
  • Relationship as metaphors
  • Powerful way of understanding the relationship and the world
  • The relationship is a gift: given to you and must care for it
  • The relationship is a journey: navigating it together
26
Q

Define: Miniculture

Narrative

A
  • The stories that we tell about our relationships
  • Can impact on the future of the relationship
  • They can change overtime as the relationship changes

Function:
- Narratives of the self

  • Acceptable public and private accounts (eg. public divorce story vs what you tell a friend)
  • Delight/instruction of listener (eg. Parents telling stories to kids, warnings)
27
Q

Define: Miniculture

Idioms

A
  • Personalised language of relationships
  • Symbols or codes that have particular meaning within the relationship
  • Reflect intimacy and facilitate intimacy
  • To avoid conflict, create shared meaning and negotiate awkward conversations
28
Q

Example: Miniculture

Idioms

Year and name

A

Hopper et al. 1981

  • Partner nicknames (eg. Boo)
  • Expressions of affection (eg. Honeybun)
  • Labels for others outside relationship (eg. Monster in law)
  • Confrontations
  • Requests and routines
  • Sexual references and euphemisms (eg. Melons for breasts)
  • Sexual invitations (eg. Touching nose wanting sex)
  • Teasing insults (eg. Troll face)
29
Q

Define: Miniculture

Symbols of relational identity

A
  • Abstract qualities of intimacy, caring and solidarity that the parties equate with their relationship
  1. Behavioural actions
  2. Events with special meaning
  3. Physical objects
  4. Symbolic places
  5. Symbolic artefacts
30
Q

Example: Miniculture

Symbols of relational identity

A
  1. Behavioural actions
    - Walking the dog together, bathing the kids
  2. Events with special meaning
    - First kiss, first date, birth of child
  3. Physical objects
    - Wedding ring, teddy bear, mix tape
  4. Symbolic places
    - Restaurant of first date, wedding venue, first kiss bench
  5. Symbolic artefacts
    - Wedding song, first film watched together

Communicating in relationships (14 decks)

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