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Year 2 - Committee 2 - Anatomy > 1- Muscles, General Considerations > Flashcards

1- Muscles, General Considerations Flashcards

1
Q

What are the muscles ?

A

They are active elements of movement.

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2
Q

What are bones and joints ?

A

Passive elements of movement.

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3
Q

What are the five typer of muscle fibers ?

A

1- Endomysium ( every cell ).
2- Perimysium ( many cells ).
3- Epimysium ( whole muscle ).
4- white muscle fiber ( fast twitch muscle ).
5- red muscle fibers ( slow twitch muscle ).

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4
Q

What is a fascia ?

A

It is the connective tissue outside the epimysium that surrounds and separates the muscles.

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5
Q

What dose the deep fascia form ?

A

It forms septum between muscle groups.

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6
Q

Where is the superficial fascia ?

A

Just under the skin, it contains fat.

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7
Q

What are in the superficial fascia ?

A

There are superficial vessels, lymphatics and nerves.

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8
Q

What happens during contraction of the muscles ?

A

The muscle shortens.

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9
Q

What is the attachment usually remains fixed ? page 6

A

The origin

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10
Q

What is the bursa ?

A

It is a small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane.

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11
Q

What is the function of the bursa ?

A

It provides a cushion between a tendon & bones / tendons / ligaments / cartilages around a joint.

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12
Q

What dose bursa allow ?

A

It allows free movement by reducing any friction between the structure around the joint.

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13
Q

What are bursae filled with ?

A

It is filled with synovial fluid.

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14
Q

What is the bursitis ?

A

It is when the bursa becomes inflamed usually in the knee, elbow or shoulder.

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of bursa ?

A

1- Subtendinous bursa
2- Articular bursa
3- Subcutaneous bursa

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16
Q

What is the tendon sheath ( vagina tendinis ) ?

A

It is a layer of membrane around a tendon to minimize the friction.

17
Q

What are the two layers of the tendon sheath ?

A

1- Fibrous sheath ( outer stratum fibrousum, vagina fibrosa ).
2- Synovial sheath ( inner, stratum synoviale, vaginal synovialis ).

18
Q

Where is synovial tendon sheath found ?

A

It is found where tendons pass under ligamentous bands & retinacula or through fascial slings & osseofibrous tunnels.

19
Q

What are the two layers of the synovial tendon sheath ?

A

1- external layer ( parietal layer )
2- internal layer ( visceral layer )

20
Q

What is a mesotendon ?

A

It is a fold synovial membrane connecting the bare tendon to its synovial sheath Nn & vessels can enter to the tendon from here mechanical stability.

21
Q

What is the Vincula ?

A

Its a connecting band of tissue, such as that attaching a flexor tendon to the bone of a finger or toe.

22
Q

What is the vincula ?

A

It is a tendinous band where the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus are connected to each other to the phalanges by slender.

23
Q

What are the three parts of a muscle ?

A

1- Fleshy part : venter, corpus and muscle belly.
2- Tendon : attached part on both sides.
3- Aponeurosis : tendon and flat sheet.

24
Q

What is the belly ( venter ) of a muscle ?

A

It is a highly vascular, resistant to vascular, resistant to infections and sensitive to pressure and friction.

25
Q

What is the tendon ?

A

It is an avascular ( lack of blood vessels ), not elastic and resistant to pressure but sensitive to infections.

26
Q

What are the two shapes of mm ?

A

1- band ( sartorius m )
2- flat ( obliques externus abdominis m )

27
Q

What are the three shapes of mm ?

A

1- Fusiform ( biceps brachii m )
2- Quadrilateral ( thyrohyoid m )
3- pennate ( feather like ) ( deltoid m ) :
> bipennate
> unipennate
> multipennate

28
Q

What is the motor unit ?

A

It is the functional unit of a muscle formed by a motor neuron located in the CNS.

29
Q

What is an isotonic contraction ?

A

It is when the muscle shortens by contraction and produce movement.

30
Q

What is the isometric contraction ?

A

no shortening and no movement but produce tension between origin and insertion.

31
Q

What happens when the origin is far away from the joint ?

A

Angular movement ( swing or spurt ).

32
Q

What happens in the origin is near to the joint ?

A

Apposition movement ( two bones come near to each other ).

33
Q

What is a prime mover ?

A

It is one or more mm consistently active in initiating & maintaining a movement.

34
Q

What is a synergist ?

A

It is when the mm which assist in accomplishing movement.

35
Q

What is an antagonist ?

A

It is when the mm initiating & maintaining opposite movement.

36
Q

What is a fixator ?

A

It is when a prime movers & antagonists contract together ( stabilizes the joint, creates an immobile base on which other prime movers may act ).

Year 2 - Committee 2 - Anatomy (10 decks)

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