1. METHODS AND MEASURES Flashcards
INTRO
EMPIRICISM
KNOWLEDGE BASED ON OUR EXPERIENCES
CONS- BIAS AND SUBJECTIVE
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE TO DESCRIBE PREDICT AND EXPLAIN CONCEPTS
STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHID
IDENTIFY-FORM-TEST-ANALYZE-BUILD
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
CURVE IS SYMMETRICAL AND IN THE MIDDLE
SKEWED DISTRIBUTION
AYSYMMMETRY DISTRIBUTION OF DATA THAT CLUSTER TO ONE SIDE
POSTITIVE SKEWED
CLUSTER TO THE LEFT AND THE TAIL LEADS RIGHT
NEGATIVE SKEWED
CLUSTER TO THE RIGHT AND TAIL LEADING UP FROM THE LEFT
RANGE
VALUE OF LARGEST MEASUREMENT IN A FREQUENCY DISTRUBUTION, MINUS THE SMALLEST
FREWUENCY DISTRUBUTION
STANDARD DEVIATION
AVERAGE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEASUREMENTS IN A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND THE MEAN OF THAT DISTRUBUTION
-AMOUNT OF VARIATION BETWEEN THAT DATA
MEAN
AVERAGE
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
DEFINES A VARIABLE TO GIVE IT A SPECIFIC PROCEDURE THATS USED TO MEAURE OR MEASURE
-DATA IS UNDERSTOOD OBJECTIVELY THROUGH OBSERVATION RESEARCH
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY = A GOOD MEASUREMENT?
reliability-IT IS CONSISTENT OVER TIME
VALIDITY- MEASUREMENT MUST BE RELATED TO THE STUDY
SELF REPORT MEASURES
QUESTIONNAIRES, INTERVIEWS- THEY REPORT SUBJECTIVELY
CONS- SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BIAS
SOLUTION- USE DIFFERENT WORDING, CONFIDENTIALITY
OBSERVATIONAL MEASURES FOR EXPERIMENT
MEASURES OVERT/OBVIOUS BEHAVIOR
REQUIRES AN OPERATIONAL DEF OF THE BEHAVIOUR (DV)
OBSERVERS MUST BE TRAINED
CONS- CAN CHANGE THEIR BEHAVIOR WHILE BEING OBSERVED, DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
PARTICIPATION; DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
FORM AN INTERPRETATION OF THE EXPERIEMENT’S PURPOSE THAT SUBCONSCIOUSLY CHANGES THEIR BEHAVIOR
SOLUTION- UNOBSTRUCTIVE MEASURES
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS TYPES
MEASURE PARTICULAR VARIABLES- LIKE PERSONALITY, INTELLIGENCE
PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASURES OF THE BODY
HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE ETC, BIO
CON- WE DONT KNOW WHAT THESES CHANGES COULD MEAN
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
EXPLAINS HOW AN INDIVIDUAL BEHAVES
. OBSERVES BEHAVIOR TO EXPLAIN IT
EX) CASE STUDIES, NAT OBSERVATION, SURVEYS
CON- NO CONTROLS
DESCRIPTIVE RES; NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
ADV- RICH DESCRIPTION OF BEHAVIOR AVOIDS DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
CON- CANT INFORM THEM, REQUIRES LONG PERIODS
DESCRIPTIVE RES; SURVEY RESEARCH
QUESTIONS VIA QUESTIONNAIRE OR INTERVIEW
EX) POLITICAL POLL, MARKETING
DESCRIP RES; SURVEY’ POPULATION
AN ENTIRE SET OF INDIVIDUALS WHO WE THEORETICALLY WANT TO ASK THESE QUESTIONS TO
DESCRIP RES; SURVEY; SAMPLE
A SUBSET OF INDIVIDUALS DRAWN FROM A POPULATION
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
REFLECTS THE IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF A POPULATION, IN THE SAME PROPORTION
RANDOM SAMPLE
EVERY MEMBER OF THE POPULATION HAS AN EQUAL PROBABILITY OF BEING CHOSEN
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
LOOKS FOR ASSOCIATION BETWEEN 2 OR MORE MEASURED VARIABLES THROUGH STAT
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES
EX) DOES BIRTH ORDER IMPACT PERSONALITY?
CORRELATION DOES NOT = CAUSATION
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH- THIRD VARIABLE PROBLEM
2 VARIABLES MAY BE RELATED TO EACH OTHER BC THEY ARE BOTH CASUALLY RELATED TO A THRID VARIABLE
=NO CAUSATION BETWEEN INITIAL 2 VARIABLES
NEGATIVE CORRELATION
INCREASE IN ONE VARIABLE = AN DECREASE IN THE OTHER
EX) MORE EXERCISE =LESS LIKELY GETTING HEALTH ISSUES
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH; CORRELATION COEFF
DESCRIBES RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN 2 VARIABLES, ON A -1 TO +1 SCALE
ABSOLUTE VALUE/ NUMBER= STRENGTH
POSITIVE CORRELATION
INCREASE IN ONE VARIABLE = INCREASE IN THE OTHER
SCATTERPLOTS
USED TO DEPICT CORRELATIONS CASUALLY WITH A GRAPH
ADV- SHOWS STRENGTH, PREDICTS, REAL WORLD ASSOCIATIONS
CON- CANT ASSUME CAUSE EFFECT, 3RD VARIABLE POSS
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
- 2 CONDITIONS TO MANIPULATE 1 VARIABLE
EX) LOUD TRAFFIC NOISE VS QUIET - THEN, MEASURING CHANGES IN ANOTHER VARIABLE
-MANIPULATION OF VARIABLES! - HOLDING ALL FACTORS CONSTANT THAT CREATES A CONTROL FOR THE VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
THE VARIABLE THAT IS MANIPULATED
EX) THE TRAFFIC NOISE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
VARIABLE THAT IS MEASURED IN THE STUDY
EX) HOW PEOPLE REACT
-IT IS INFLUENCED BY THE IV
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH; BETWEEN GROUPS OR SUBJECT
EACH GROUP IS COMPOSED OF DIFF SET OF PARTICIPANTS
THRERE ARE 2 GROUPS FOR 2 TREATMENTS
EX) PEOPLE USED TO TRAFFIC NOISE VS NOT
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH; REPEATED MEASURES/ WITHIN SUBJECT
EACH PARTICIPANT IS EXPOSED TO ALL THE CONDITIONS OF AN INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
-ONE GROUP FOR 2 TREATMENTS
ETHICS
PROTECT, AVOID DOING HARM, BENEFIT OVER RISK, CONSENT, PRIVACY
