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BDS3 PMHP > 1 - Medical emergencies > Flashcards

1 - Medical emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ABCDE approach?

A

A - airways
B - breathing
C - circulation
D - disability
E - exposure

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2
Q

How should you work through the ABCDE approach?

A
  • begin at A and work through (the problems become less life-threatening down the list)
  • treat an issue before moving on
  • call for help as soon as you recognise you need it
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3
Q

When should you start CPR?

A

If the patient is unconscious, unresponsive and not breathing properly

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4
Q

What are the signs of airway obstruction?

A
  • unusual chest/abdomen movements (see-saw)
  • central cyanosis (late sign)
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5
Q

What are the causes of airway obstruction?

A
  • inflammation
  • loss of consciousness
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6
Q

How can you quickly assess airway patency?

A

If the patient can speak their airway is unobstructed

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7
Q

How do you treat airway obstruction?

A
  • this is a medical emergency, call for help
  • airway manoeuvres (head tilt, chin tilt, jaw thrust)
  • airway suction
  • insert oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal airway
  • high concentration oxygen (15L/min at 100%)
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8
Q

What are the signs of breathing problems?

A
  • general signs of respiratory distress
  • using accessory muscles
  • sweating
  • central cyanosis
  • abdominal breathing
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9
Q

How can you assess breathing problems?

A
  • count the respiratory rate
  • assess the depth of breath
  • listen to breath sounds
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10
Q

What is considered a normal respiratory rate?

A

12-15 breaths per minute
>25 is considered high

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11
Q

What are some causes of breathing problems?

A
  • acute asthma attack
  • pulmonary oedema
  • pneumothorax
  • acute exacerbation of COPD
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12
Q

How can you treat breathing problems?

A
  • give oxygen (high concentration - UNLESS patient is known to have COPD, as high levels of oxygen will depress their respiration rate)
  • deliver salbutamol for an acute asthma attack
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13
Q

What are the signs of circulation problems?

A
  • colour of the skin
  • temperature of the skin
  • capillary refill time should be <2s
  • veins not visible (ie collapsed)
  • pulse rate (tachycardic or bradycardic)
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14
Q

How do you assess capillary refill time?

A
  • apply pressure to fingertip held as heart level for 5s
  • fingertip should blanch
  • when pressure released fingertip should return to normal colour in <2s
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15
Q

What is considered normal heart rate?

A

60-90 bpm
- should be taken as a radial pulse
- tachycardia could be indicative of exertion / stress
- bradycardia is more concerning, ie organ failure

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16
Q

How can you assess a patient’s blood pressure?

A

If you can feel a radial pulse, BP = 100 systolic

17
Q

What are some causes of circulation problems?

A
  • changes in rhythm can be caused by AF or heart block
  • changes in rate can be caused by arrhythmia/ACS/HF
18
Q

What are the signs of disability?

A
  • ACVPU / GCS
  • assess the pupils, equal and reactive to light
19
Q

What does ACVPU stand for?

A
  • alert
  • confusion
  • vocal stimuli response
  • pressure / painful response
  • unresponsive
20
Q

What are some causes of “disability”?

A
  • head injury
  • hypoglycaemia
  • hypo - anything
21
Q

How do you treat “disability”?

A

Seek immediate medical help

22
Q

How does exposure affect dentistry?

A
  • do not fully expose the patient
  • do consider all possibilities
  • reassess the patient, following ABCDE
23
Q

What concentration of oxygen do you give someone who is unwell?

A

15l

24
Q

Describe anaphylaxis.

A

A - stridor, swelling
B - increased rate, wheeze
C - increased rate, hypotension
D - LOC
E - rash, swelling

25
Q

How do you manage anaphylaxis?

A

IM injection of adrenaline 1:1000, 0.5mg

26
Q

Describe angina.

A

A - talking
B - increased
C - increased
D - alert
E - pale, clammy, central chest pain

27
Q

How do you manage angina?

A
  • GTN spray (400 micrograms)
  • aspirin 300mg crushed or chewed if suspected MI
28
Q

Describe asthma.

A

A - difficult to complete sentences
B - increased rate, wheeze
C - increased rate
D - alert
E - tripod position (accessory muscles)

29
Q

How do you manage asthma?

A

Salbutamol 100mg ± spacer if required

30
Q

Describe hypoglycaemia.

A

A - initially talking
B - initially increased rate
C - initially increased rate
D - initially alert
E - irritable, confused, pale

31
Q

How do you manage hypoglycaemia?

A
  • glucose (any source)
  • IM injection of glucagon 1mg
32
Q

Describe seizures.

A

A - compromised
B - ?
C - ?
D - unresponsive
E - seizure activity, incontinence

33
Q

How do you manage a seizure?

A
  • ensure safe environment
  • if repeated or prolonged consider midazolam (10mg via buccal mucosa)
34
Q

Describe syncope.

A

A - compromised
B - reduced rate
C - reduced rate and pressure
D - unresponsive
E - pale, clammy

35
Q

How do you manage syncope?

A

Elevate legs

BDS3 PMHP (16 decks)

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