1. historical perspectives on psychotherapy Flashcards
early tx traditions, psychoanalysis, client-centered therapy (roger's approach), 3 "waves" of behaviour therapy
what is the definition of the word zeitgeist?
the literal definition
spirit of the times in german
what is the principle of zeitgeist in the context of psychotherapy?
what does it mean to have zeitgeist in psychotherapy
the culture that we live in influences all aspects of our lives, changing our understanding
what are the contextual considerations when applying zeitgeist to psychotherapy over time?
who, what, when, etc
- what is believed to be the cause of psychological problems? the models hypothesizing what source influences the tx if devil possesses you? need exorcism
- who is thought to be qualified to perform psychotherapy? psychoanalysis: psychiatrist or medical Dr ; scientific research today or therapy: psychologists
- can we use the scientific method to understand human behaviour? using evidence based tx, can we study psychotherapy using the scientific method? can we use what we know to study psychotherapy? RCT, double blind, placebo, etc
what were early treatments, prior to 19th century?
what was the reasoning behind it? give an example of it
- those with MH issues were removed from society
- reasoning: they were unfit to live with normal people because they were like animals
- ex: Bellam Hospital – pay to see people with MH issues, like a circus
what was the tx tradition in the late 19th century?
what was the reasoning behind the tx? what was the environment like?
- moral tx
- if people lived in “pleasing” place, they could get better
- warm and trusting env in which px could feel that their illness could prevent them from being human
where was freud born?
autria
what was freud’s official training?
neurology
what were freud’s earliest works?
(2)
- hysteria
- interpretation of dreams
what stereotypical psychology behaviour was popularized by freud?
sit down therapy
freud, the enemy
what kind of practice was he a pioneer in, that he started his own practice?
he opened his own psychotherapy clinic
which case did freud discuss that boosted his popularity in the US?
what was the case about?
Anna O
“suffered” from hysteria, but she was cured
talked about the techniques used to “treat” her
who invited freud to the US and when?
g stanley hall, in 1908
what are freud’s major contributions?
there are 7
- drive theory
- levels of consciousness
- personality structure
- psychosexual stages of development
- defense mechanisms
- therapy techniques
- therapy processes
what is drive theory?
all of our behaviour is driven by desire for sex
as freud got older and mustier, his drive theory expanded. what exactly changed?
he has a new hypothesis that humans attempted as much as they could to escape death
what are the 3 levels of consciousness?
- unconscious
- preconscious
- conscious mind
what is the purpose of the theory of levels of consciousness?
the goal is to tap into the unconscious to discover the real motivations behind a person’s behaviour - the conscious is not aware of the real motivations either
how does one tap into the different levels of consciousness?
what tx did freud use to get to these unconscious motives? there are 2
- dream analysis
- free association
what is dream analysis?
using your dreams as a means to find out your real motives and desires
what is free association?
therapist asks px to say the first thing that comes to mind when a certain word is spoken
what are the 3 components of personality structure according to freud?
- id
- super ego
- ego
what is the ID?
personality structure
the id is the devil on your shoulder telling you to go against society
what is the super ego?
personality structure
the super ego is the angel telling you to do good things for society
what is the ego?
personality structure
yourself, mediating the other trains of thought
explain the theory of psychosexual stages of development
every age corresponds to a psychosexual stage
what are the psychosexual stages of development?
there are 4
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- genital
what is the oral phase?
psychosexual stages
feeding
what is the anal phase?
psychosexual stages
toilet training
what is the phallic stage?
psychosexual stages
abnormal family relationships leading to obsessions with parents
what is the genital stage?
psychosexual stages
settling down in a loving relationship with a partner
what are examples of defense mechanisms?
there are 3 that we’ve discussed
- repression
- denial
- projection to others
what is a defense mechanism?
the literal definition
- way to protect self, unconsciously
- stuff we’re uncomfortable with
lect 1: what are some examples of therapy techniques?
there are 2 that i can think of
- free association
- dream analysis + interpretation
what is a therapy process?
definition
elements that affect the therapeutic process
what are some examples of therapy processes?
3, that are very intertwined
- transference
- counter-transference
- resistence
what is transference?
therapy process
the transfer of feelings onto the therapist, positive or negative
what is counter-transference?
therapy process
when the therapist reacts to the client (ex: behaviour that reminds therapist of someone they know in their own life)
what is resistance? give an example
therapy process
things that the client does that affects their own behaviour/state
ex: px is always late. why? this is saying of their issue.
what is G. Stanley Hall’s major contribution?
founded APA
what’s the biggest difference between APA at its foundation vs today?
before, APA was only about research. now, APA also includes clinical practice.
who is Lightner Witmer and what did he do?
he did 2 things
- first to use the term “clinical psychology”
- first psychological training clinic at UPenn
what was the original mandate of a psychologist?
2 tests
- intelligence testing
- personality testing
what major event triggered a need for additional psychotherapists?
WW2
when did academic psychologists become interested in practice-based issues?
WW2
what was Eysenck’s expertise? what was his biggest contribution?
personality psychologist, introversion + extroversion
what was eysenck’s critique of psychotherapy?
conducted a meta-analysis in which he compared different therapies and concluded that GPs helped more neurotic Pxs than psychotherapists and psychoanalysis
what were the consequences of eysenck’s meta-analysis?
- inspired controlled research studies of psychotherapy
- inspired development of alternatives to psychoanalysis
what is/are carl rogers’ main contributions? what was his opinion on the type of clientele that can access therapy?
client-centered therapy - not just for mentally ill; can be offered for self-actualization
first to conduct research on psychotherapy process outcomes – he followed patients before, during, and after therapy
what is client centered therapy?
2 main elements
- focus on person rather than the sum of their problems – humanizing patients
- focus on the process of therapy rather than the technique
what are the 3 core therapist qualities necessary?
according to carl rogers
- genuineness
- empathy
- unconditional positive regard
there are 3 “waves” of behaviour therapy. how are they distinguished from one another?
- focus on observable behaviour and objective environment – behaviour therapy
- focus on cognitive representations of the environment – CBT
- focus on how internal processes are functionally related to objective environment
behaviour therapy: origins
basis of british empiricism
what’s the main reasoning for behaviour?
- knowledge comes from experience, it isn’t genetic
- blank slate theory (tabula rasa), we absorb our surroundings
behaviour therapy: origins
what is the basis of learning theory?
there are 2 people i can think of
- pavlov - classical conditioning
- edward thorndike - law of effect
what is the law of effect?
give an example
any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped
cats and puzzle boxes with the lever and whatever
what is classical conditioning?
when two stimuli are repeatedly paired
what is behaviourism? who pioneered it?
- all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment
- john b watson
what was mary cover jones’ contribution?
+ name of the study
little peter and deconditioning (extinguishing fear)
what was mowrer & mowrer’s contribution?
bell and pad method for treating enuresis
when they’d pee the bed, a bell would sound – classical conditioning
what was skinner’s contribution to behaviour theory?
applied operant conditioning to increase social behaviour in patients with psychosis
what was joseph wolpe’s contribution, and how is it particularly meaningful to psychotherapy?
systematic desensitization - first alternative to psychoanalysis
explain Wolpe’s desensitization technique
what kind of conditioning is it based on?
based on classical conditioning
* first, get into relaxed state
* then, think about stressor
* the idea was that you can’t pair a relaxed state with a stressor
cognitive therapy: origins
what was bandura’s main theory?
social learning theory
what is social learning theory?
give an example
- behaviour is influenced by stimulus events, reinforcement, and cognitive processes - experience isn’t required to learn and replicate
- learning through modelling suggests direct reinforcement unnecessary – simple observation is sufficient
if you watch people be violent, you can learn that violent behaviour
what is aaron beck’s main theory?
cognitive theory
what is cognitive theory?
people respond to cognitive representations of environment, therefore have biased information processing
john b watson’s contribution
+ name of his study
little albert + conditioning
what is the mediation approach?
there is a mediating factor between a stimulus and a response
cognitive therapy
what is the direct reponse?
there’s a stimulus and there is then a response
what’s the difference between a direct response and a mediational approach?
there’s a mediation factor between the stimulus and the response
what are albert ellis’ main contributions?
there are 2
rational emotive behaviour therapy + ABCDE model
what is rational emotive behaviour therapy? what was its premise? what did he ask patients to do?
beliefs are irrational and illogical
he used logic and persuasion to help px see their thinking patterns – wanted them to adopt “rational philosophies”
what was ellis’ training?
clinical psyc
Ellis
what’s the ABCDE model?
A: activating event
B: belief about event
C: emotional consequences
D: disputations to challenge irrational beliefs
E: effective new beliefs replace the irrational ones
according to aaron beck, depression is due to…
beliefs of being inadequate and unlovable
aaron beck’s tx of depression focused on…
what did he ask his patients to do?
beliefs are inaccurate, but not necessarily irrational
asked his patients to go test out their statements (empirical disconfirmation)
this researcher created his own manual for research and practice of cognitive therapy, who?
Aaron Beck
what’s the main difference between ellis and beck?
ellis: focus on change
beck: focus on re-evaluation or confirmation
what are the 3 focuses of 3rd wave behavioural therapy?
- thoughts don’t correspond to objective reality
- focus on meta-cognitive processes rather than specific situations
- focus on valued living versus symptom reduction
