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PSYC 408 > 1. historical perspectives on psychotherapy > Flashcards

1. historical perspectives on psychotherapy Flashcards

early tx traditions, psychoanalysis, client-centered therapy (roger's approach), 3 "waves" of behaviour therapy

1
Q

what is the definition of the word zeitgeist?

the literal definition

A

spirit of the times in german

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2
Q

what is the principle of zeitgeist in the context of psychotherapy?

what does it mean to have zeitgeist in psychotherapy

A

the culture that we live in influences all aspects of our lives, changing our understanding

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3
Q

what are the contextual considerations when applying zeitgeist to psychotherapy over time?

who, what, when, etc

A
  • what is believed to be the cause of psychological problems? the models hypothesizing what source influences the tx if devil possesses you? need exorcism
  • who is thought to be qualified to perform psychotherapy? psychoanalysis: psychiatrist or medical Dr ; scientific research today or therapy: psychologists
  • can we use the scientific method to understand human behaviour? using evidence based tx, can we study psychotherapy using the scientific method? can we use what we know to study psychotherapy? RCT, double blind, placebo, etc
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4
Q

what were early treatments, prior to 19th century?

what was the reasoning behind it? give an example of it

A
  • those with MH issues were removed from society
  • reasoning: they were unfit to live with normal people because they were like animals
  • ex: Bellam Hospital – pay to see people with MH issues, like a circus
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5
Q

what was the tx tradition in the late 19th century?

what was the reasoning behind the tx? what was the environment like?

A
  • moral tx
  • if people lived in “pleasing” place, they could get better
  • warm and trusting env in which px could feel that their illness could prevent them from being human
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6
Q

where was freud born?

A

autria

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7
Q

what was freud’s official training?

A

neurology

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8
Q

what were freud’s earliest works?

(2)

A
  1. hysteria
  2. interpretation of dreams
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9
Q

what stereotypical psychology behaviour was popularized by freud?

A

sit down therapy

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10
Q

freud, the enemy

what kind of practice was he a pioneer in, that he started his own practice?

A

he opened his own psychotherapy clinic

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11
Q

which case did freud discuss that boosted his popularity in the US?

what was the case about?

A

Anna O
“suffered” from hysteria, but she was cured

talked about the techniques used to “treat” her

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12
Q

who invited freud to the US and when?

A

g stanley hall, in 1908

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13
Q

what are freud’s major contributions?

there are 7

A
  1. drive theory
  2. levels of consciousness
  3. personality structure
  4. psychosexual stages of development
  5. defense mechanisms
  6. therapy techniques
  7. therapy processes
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14
Q

what is drive theory?

A

all of our behaviour is driven by desire for sex

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15
Q

as freud got older and mustier, his drive theory expanded. what exactly changed?

A

he has a new hypothesis that humans attempted as much as they could to escape death

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16
Q

what are the 3 levels of consciousness?

A
  1. unconscious
  2. preconscious
  3. conscious mind
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17
Q

what is the purpose of the theory of levels of consciousness?

A

the goal is to tap into the unconscious to discover the real motivations behind a person’s behaviour - the conscious is not aware of the real motivations either

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18
Q

how does one tap into the different levels of consciousness?

what tx did freud use to get to these unconscious motives? there are 2

A
  1. dream analysis
  2. free association
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19
Q

what is dream analysis?

A

using your dreams as a means to find out your real motives and desires

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20
Q

what is free association?

A

therapist asks px to say the first thing that comes to mind when a certain word is spoken

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21
Q

what are the 3 components of personality structure according to freud?

A
  1. id
  2. super ego
  3. ego
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22
Q

what is the ID?

personality structure

A

the id is the devil on your shoulder telling you to go against society

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23
Q

what is the super ego?

personality structure

A

the super ego is the angel telling you to do good things for society

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24
Q

what is the ego?

personality structure

A

yourself, mediating the other trains of thought

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25
Q

explain the theory of psychosexual stages of development

A

every age corresponds to a psychosexual stage

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26
Q

what are the psychosexual stages of development?

there are 4

A
  1. oral
  2. anal
  3. phallic
  4. genital
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27
Q

what is the oral phase?

psychosexual stages

A

feeding

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28
Q

what is the anal phase?

psychosexual stages

A

toilet training

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29
Q

what is the phallic stage?

psychosexual stages

A

abnormal family relationships leading to obsessions with parents

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30
Q

what is the genital stage?

psychosexual stages

A

settling down in a loving relationship with a partner

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31
Q

what are examples of defense mechanisms?

there are 3 that we’ve discussed

A
  1. repression
  2. denial
  3. projection to others
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32
Q

what is a defense mechanism?

the literal definition

A
  • way to protect self, unconsciously
  • stuff we’re uncomfortable with
33
Q

lect 1: what are some examples of therapy techniques?

there are 2 that i can think of

A
  • free association
  • dream analysis + interpretation
34
Q

what is a therapy process?

definition

A

elements that affect the therapeutic process

35
Q

what are some examples of therapy processes?

3, that are very intertwined

A
  1. transference
  2. counter-transference
  3. resistence
36
Q

what is transference?

therapy process

A

the transfer of feelings onto the therapist, positive or negative

37
Q

what is counter-transference?

therapy process

A

when the therapist reacts to the client (ex: behaviour that reminds therapist of someone they know in their own life)

38
Q

what is resistance? give an example

therapy process

A

things that the client does that affects their own behaviour/state
ex: px is always late. why? this is saying of their issue.

39
Q

what is G. Stanley Hall’s major contribution?

A

founded APA

40
Q

what’s the biggest difference between APA at its foundation vs today?

A

before, APA was only about research. now, APA also includes clinical practice.

41
Q

who is Lightner Witmer and what did he do?

he did 2 things

A
  1. first to use the term “clinical psychology”
  2. first psychological training clinic at UPenn
42
Q

what was the original mandate of a psychologist?

2 tests

A
  1. intelligence testing
  2. personality testing
43
Q

what major event triggered a need for additional psychotherapists?

A

WW2

44
Q

when did academic psychologists become interested in practice-based issues?

A

WW2

45
Q

what was Eysenck’s expertise? what was his biggest contribution?

A

personality psychologist, introversion + extroversion

46
Q

what was eysenck’s critique of psychotherapy?

A

conducted a meta-analysis in which he compared different therapies and concluded that GPs helped more neurotic Pxs than psychotherapists and psychoanalysis

47
Q

what were the consequences of eysenck’s meta-analysis?

A
  1. inspired controlled research studies of psychotherapy
  2. inspired development of alternatives to psychoanalysis
48
Q

what is/are carl rogers’ main contributions? what was his opinion on the type of clientele that can access therapy?

A

client-centered therapy - not just for mentally ill; can be offered for self-actualization
first to conduct research on psychotherapy process outcomes – he followed patients before, during, and after therapy

49
Q

what is client centered therapy?

2 main elements

A
  1. focus on person rather than the sum of their problems – humanizing patients
  2. focus on the process of therapy rather than the technique
50
Q

what are the 3 core therapist qualities necessary?

according to carl rogers

A
  1. genuineness
  2. empathy
  3. unconditional positive regard
51
Q

there are 3 “waves” of behaviour therapy. how are they distinguished from one another?

A
  1. focus on observable behaviour and objective environment – behaviour therapy
  2. focus on cognitive representations of the environment – CBT
  3. focus on how internal processes are functionally related to objective environment
52
Q

behaviour therapy: origins

basis of british empiricism

what’s the main reasoning for behaviour?

A
  • knowledge comes from experience, it isn’t genetic
  • blank slate theory (tabula rasa), we absorb our surroundings
53
Q

behaviour therapy: origins

what is the basis of learning theory?

there are 2 people i can think of

A
  1. pavlov - classical conditioning
  2. edward thorndike - law of effect
54
Q

what is the law of effect?

give an example

A

any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped

cats and puzzle boxes with the lever and whatever

55
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

when two stimuli are repeatedly paired

56
Q

what is behaviourism? who pioneered it?

A
  • all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment
  • john b watson
57
Q

what was mary cover jones’ contribution?

+ name of the study

A

little peter and deconditioning (extinguishing fear)

58
Q

what was mowrer & mowrer’s contribution?

A

bell and pad method for treating enuresis

when they’d pee the bed, a bell would sound – classical conditioning

59
Q

what was skinner’s contribution to behaviour theory?

A

applied operant conditioning to increase social behaviour in patients with psychosis

60
Q

what was joseph wolpe’s contribution, and how is it particularly meaningful to psychotherapy?

A

systematic desensitization - first alternative to psychoanalysis

61
Q

explain Wolpe’s desensitization technique

what kind of conditioning is it based on?

A

based on classical conditioning
* first, get into relaxed state
* then, think about stressor
* the idea was that you can’t pair a relaxed state with a stressor

62
Q

cognitive therapy: origins

what was bandura’s main theory?

A

social learning theory

63
Q

what is social learning theory?

give an example

A
  • behaviour is influenced by stimulus events, reinforcement, and cognitive processes - experience isn’t required to learn and replicate
  • learning through modelling suggests direct reinforcement unnecessary – simple observation is sufficient

if you watch people be violent, you can learn that violent behaviour

64
Q

what is aaron beck’s main theory?

A

cognitive theory

65
Q

what is cognitive theory?

A

people respond to cognitive representations of environment, therefore have biased information processing

66
Q

john b watson’s contribution

+ name of his study

A

little albert + conditioning

67
Q

what is the mediation approach?

A

there is a mediating factor between a stimulus and a response

68
Q

cognitive therapy

what is the direct reponse?

A

there’s a stimulus and there is then a response

69
Q

what’s the difference between a direct response and a mediational approach?

A

there’s a mediation factor between the stimulus and the response

70
Q

what are albert ellis’ main contributions?

there are 2

A

rational emotive behaviour therapy + ABCDE model

71
Q

what is rational emotive behaviour therapy? what was its premise? what did he ask patients to do?

A

beliefs are irrational and illogical
he used logic and persuasion to help px see their thinking patterns – wanted them to adopt “rational philosophies”

72
Q

what was ellis’ training?

A

clinical psyc

73
Q

Ellis

what’s the ABCDE model?

A

A: activating event
B: belief about event
C: emotional consequences
D: disputations to challenge irrational beliefs
E: effective new beliefs replace the irrational ones

74
Q

according to aaron beck, depression is due to…

A

beliefs of being inadequate and unlovable

75
Q

aaron beck’s tx of depression focused on…
what did he ask his patients to do?

A

beliefs are inaccurate, but not necessarily irrational
asked his patients to go test out their statements (empirical disconfirmation)

76
Q

this researcher created his own manual for research and practice of cognitive therapy, who?

A

Aaron Beck

77
Q

what’s the main difference between ellis and beck?

A

ellis: focus on change
beck: focus on re-evaluation or confirmation

78
Q

what are the 3 focuses of 3rd wave behavioural therapy?

A
  1. thoughts don’t correspond to objective reality
  2. focus on meta-cognitive processes rather than specific situations
  3. focus on valued living versus symptom reduction

PSYC 408 (20 decks)

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