1. BONDING

Question 1

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 1

. Positive & negative ions attract each other & combine.
METAL ATOM transfers electrons to a non-metal, allowing both of them to have a full outer electron shell
. Held together by electrostatic forces

Question 2

What is an ion?

Answer 2

An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge. Ions form when atoms lose or gain electrons to obtain a full outer shell:

Question 3

metal atoms lose electrons to form …

Answer 3

Positively charged ions

Question 4

Non-metal atoms gain electrons to form …

Answer 4

Negatively charged ions

Question 5

Group 1

eg Na - ion charge is …

Answer 5

+

Ion symbol NA+

Question 6

Group 2

eg Mg - ion charge is …

Answer 6

2+

Ion symbol Mg2+

Question 7

Group 6

eg O - ion charge is …

Answer 7

2-

Ion symbol O2-

Question 8

Group 7

Eg Cl - ion charge is …

Answer 8

-

Cl-

Question 9

What is an ionic compound?

Answer 9

. A giant structure of ions.
. Ions repeating pattern called an ionic lattice
. Held together by electrostatic forces

Question 10

Features of Ionic Compounds

Answer 10

. High melting and boiling points
. Conducts electricity when liquid
. They are in the solid state at room temperature.

Question 11

Part of the crystal of calcium chloride shows 15 calcium ions and 30 chloride ions. What is the formula of calcium chloride?

Answer 11

15 calcium ions for every 30 chloride ions,
Ratio 1:2

This means that the formula of calcium chloride is CaCl2

Question 12

What is Covalent Bonding?

Answer 12

. Two non-metal atoms share a pair of electrons

. Covalent bonds are strong – a lot of energy is needed to break them.

Question 13

A giant covalent structure is …

Answer 13

. Very strong

. Very high boiling points, high melting points to break the covalent bonds

. Cannot conduct electricity except graphite.

Question 14

What are Polymers? have very large molecules.

Answer 14

. Very large molecules joined together by strong covalent bonds in long chains.
. Eg Polyethene.

Question 15

Name a giant covalent structure made from carbon

Answer 15

. DIAMOND - each carbon atoms forms four covalent bonds with other carbon atoms … very hard, very high meting point, does not conduct electricity as no free electrons to carry an electrical
charge

. GRAPHITE - made from carbon atoms - 3 COVALENT bonds with 3 other carbon atoms - forms layers of HEXAGONAL RINGS so they are slippery. It has LOCALISED electrons. Soft. An excellent conductor of heat and electricity. (Pencils are made from this)

. GRAPHENE - is a SINGLE LAYER of GRAPHITE - use in ELECTRONICS

. Silica or silicon dioxide (made from silicon & oxygen atoms)

Question 16

What is this molecule?

Answer 16

H H
| |
- C C - |
H H

Carbon and Hydrogen molecules = Polymer

Question 17

What are Fullerenes?

Answer 17

. Fullerenes are molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes

. They have hexagonal rings of carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds

. The first fullerence was BUCKMINSTERFULLERENCE C60

. Carbon NANO TUBES are cylinder fullerences - V high length to diameter ratios - used in electronics

Question 18

Where are fullerenes used?

Answer 18

. Fullerenes are used:
. in electronics
. to deliver drugs
. as a lubricant

Question 19

Sodium Chloride is another name for

Answer 19

SALT

Question 20

What ion in aqueous solution causes acidity?

Answer 20

H+