1 Flashcards
clinical breast exam frequency
every three years for women in their 20s and 30s
every year for women 40 and over.
cervical cancer screening guidelines
Between ages 21 and 29: every three years.
Between ages 30 and 65: every five years if co-tested for HPV (preferred) or every three years with cytology alone (acceptable).
what risks would indicate for more frequent screenings?
compromised immunity,
HIV positive,
history of CIN 2, 3 or cancer,
DES exposure in utero
when can screening be stopped?
three consecutive normal pap tests with cytology alone or two normal pap tests if combined with HPV testing.
or hysterectomy
risk factors for cervical cancer
Early onset of intercourse
A greater number of lifetime sexual partners
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in utero.
Cigarette smoking –> 4x risk
Immunosuppression
what factors indicate an annual screening with a low-dose CT scan for lung cancer
ages 55 to 80 years who have a 30 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years.
should you screen for ovarian cancer in asx women?
no
ACS vs USPSTF screening for mammogram frequency
ACS: 45-54 annual ; >55 two years
USPSTF: 50-74 two years
breast lump questions to ask
Precise location of the lump; How it was first noticed (accidentally, by breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, or mammogram); How long it has been present; Presence of nipple discharge; and Any change in size of the lump.
how can you decipher between solid or cystic lump
Ultrasound
next steps if it’s cystic or solid lump
cystic: fine needle aspiration
solid: mammogram
sensitivity of mammogram
60% and 90%
high false negatives in younger women
risks of mammogram:
false positives and negatives
radiation is negligible
uncomfortable
environmental factors that increase risk of breast cancer
Therapeutic radiation Obesity Excessive alcohol intake excessive estrogens DES
protective factors against breast cancer
Pregnancy at an early age Late menarche Early menopause High parity meds- SERMs and NSAIDs
does smoking increase risk of breast cancer
no
how long can perimenopause last
2-8 years
how long do hot flashes last in an episode
30 sex- 10 min
tips to manage hot flashes
Dressing in light layers; using a fan; getting regular exercise; avoiding spicy foods and heat; and managing stress may help.
recommended calcium a day
pre-men: 1000 mg
post men: 1200 mg
when do you start DEXA screening?
age 65
osteoporosis risk factors
low estrogen: early menopause, low weight, BMI low physical activity alcohol smoking poor nutrition white family or personal history of fracture
Smoking Cessation Strategies
Setting a quit date
Using nicotine replacement
Joining a support group
Calling 1-800-QUIT-NOW
Choosing an activity to substitute for smoking (e.g., gum, walk)
Making a list of the reasons why it is important to quit smoking and keeping it handy to refer to
Keeping track of where, when, and why you smoke (identify triggers)
Throwing away all tobacco and smoking paraphernalia
Taking medication
till what age can you get HPV vaccine
26
