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COMD 3100 > 1:2 Building Blocks of Anatomy: Tissues > Flashcards

1:2 Building Blocks of Anatomy: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic building blocks of anatomy?

A

Cells —> Tissues —> Organs —> Systems

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2
Q

anatomy hierarchy:

A

group of cells combine to form tissues, group of tissues combine to form organs, and a group of organs combine together to form a system

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3
Q

TISSUES:

A

groups of cells that combine to perform a specific function.

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4
Q

4 Categories of TISSUES:

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscular
  • neural):
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5
Q

Epithelial TISSUE:

A

provides a protective lining for the surface of the body and internal surfaces of cavities.

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6
Q

Epithelial tissue (3):

A
  • Simple epithelium
  • Compound epithelium
  • Basement Membrane
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7
Q

Simple Epithelium:

A

single layer of cells (found in the lining of the heart, stomach, intestines, nasal cavity)

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8
Q

Compound Epithelium:

A

different layers of cells (found in the epidermis of our skin, the lining of our mouth, pharynx, esophagus)

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9
Q

Basement Membrane (baseplate):

A

consists of collagen fibers and serves as a stabilizer and helps to join the tissues together. The basement membrane can always be found in a simple or compound epithelium to help hold it together.

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10
Q

Connective TISSUES:

A

Most complex type of tissue, provides support for other structures and have many different characteristics.

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11
Q

Connective tissues (8):

A
  • Areolar
  • Adipose
  • White fibrous tissue
  • Yellow elastic tissue
  • Lymphoid
  • Cartilage
  • Blood
  • Bone
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12
Q

Areolar:

A

Loose connective tissue, elastic. Found between muscles and helps support organs. (areolar tissue)

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13
Q

Adipose:

A

A type of areolar tissue that is highly concentrated with fat cells. Found between muscles and organs. Great support for muscles and organs. (areolar tissue)

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14
Q

White fibrous tissue:

A

Highly organized fibers make it strong and dense. Found in ligaments that bind bones together, periosteum covering bone (outer layer that makes bone hard), covering of organs, and the fascia over muscle (sheet like membrane that covers organs). Provides strong support and protective coverings for bones, organs, and muscles. (fibrous tissue)

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15
Q

Yellow elastic tissue:

A

Found in lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, etc. It is stretchy and helps the organ expand and contract. (Different from Yellow elastic cartilage which is found in areas like the pinna in our ear and nose. These are areas that require “recoil”.)

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16
Q

Lymphoid:

A

Specialized type of connective tissue which means it’s very specific to its function and what it does. Found in the lymphoid tissues of the tonsils, adenoids, and lymph nodes. Impacts speech: these adenoids are small lumps of tissues in the back of the throat. They fight off infections. If adenoids are swollen they can cause ear problems, swallowing difficulties, or sore throat…all which can impact our speech. Need a flexible endoscope, a tool used by ENT’s to see them.

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17
Q

Cartilage:

A

discussed later under tissue combinations

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18
Q

Blood:

A

A type of connective tissue. Blood cells (red and white) are suspended in blood plasma, which is the liquid component of blood that holds these blood cells together. Together these create a type of connective tissue that help hold together within our body.

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19
Q

Bone:

A

Hardest type of connective.

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20
Q

2 Types of Bone:

A
  • Compact

- Cancellous (spongy)

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21
Q

Compact:

A

Dense, gives bone its smooth white appearance. Found in the outer portion of the bone.

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22
Q

Cancellous (spongy):

A

More porous; red bone marrow is found in the cancellous (spongy) bone. Red bone marrow is the producing factory for red and white blood cells and blood plasma. Found within the bone. Highly vascular which allows for a lot of activity between our veins and our blood cells.

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23
Q

Osteoporosis:

A

condition in which bone becomes increasingly porous due to the loss of calcium. The pores in the cancellous (spongy) bone become so big it becomes brittle and more breakable. May be the result of aging, lack of vitamin D, disuse, etc. Can often affect bones related to mastication (chewing) like the mandible or maxilla, or fracture the ossicles of the middle ear — resulting in hearing loss.

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24
Q

Muscular TISSUE:

A

Muscle fibers can be stimulated to contract.

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25
Q

Muscular tissue (3 types):

A
  • Striated
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
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26
Q

Striated:

A

Also called skeletal muscle (helps to move skeletal structures). Has striped appearance. Classified as a voluntary (somatic) muscle which moves in response to conscious, voluntary movement.

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27
Q

Smooth:

A

Found in digestive tract and blood vessels (helps to contract and push food/blood through). Part of the involuntary (autonomic) nervous system which is outside of voluntary control; regulates automatically.

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28
Q

Cardiac:

A

Found only in our heart. Part of the involuntary (autonomic) nervous system.

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29
Q

Neural TISSUE:

A

Specialized tissue that allows for communication throughout the body (performs a specific function of sending impulses throughout our body to help with that communication).

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30
Q

Neural tissue (2 types):

A
  • Neurons

- Glial Cells

31
Q

Neurons:

A

nerve cells that transmit information from neuron to neuron, or to other places throughout the body (picture of neuron: cell body with nucleus and dendrites travel down the axon covered in a myelin sheath to the axon ending)

32
Q

Glial Cells:

A

tissue that provides support and nutrients for the nervous system; comprises the blood brain barrier, a filtering mechanism of capillaries that carries blood to the brain and spinal cord and blocks the passage of certain substances.

33
Q

______________

A

______________

34
Q

Tissue Combinations:

A

Combination of cells that combine to create different types of tissue.

35
Q

Tissue Combinations (5):

A
  • Fascia
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Periosteum
  • Cartilage
36
Q

Fascia:

A

Sheetlike membrane of connective tissue that surrounds organs. Fibers are typically woven together for compressive strength giving the tissue the ability to resist being crushed, which protects the organs.

37
Q

Ligaments:

A

Bands of connective tissue responsible for binding structures together. Two types: Visceral and Skeletal. Visceral ligaments bind organs together and helps hold those structures in place. Skeletal ligaments bind bone to bone and help to withstand that great pressure.

38
Q

Tendons:

A

Bands of connective tissue that are part of the muscle. Attaches muscle to bone or muscle to cartilage. Contains tensile strength which helps resist the material from being pulled apart.

39
Q

Aponeurosis (in tendons):

A

a thin sheetlike tendon that lies over some of our organs or muscles, like our diaphragm.

40
Q

Periosteum:

A

Fibrous membrane covering of a bone. The outer layer is tough and fibrous but the inner layer contains cells that facilitate bone repair.

41
Q

Cartilage:

A

Firm and solid connective tissue. It combines with several different combination of cells and helps to provide that support and elasticity . It is a very supportive type of connective tissue.

42
Q

3 types of cartilage:

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Yellow (elastic) cartilage
43
Q

Hyaline cartilage:

A

Blueish white; smooth. Found on the surfaces of bones that come together in joints.

44
Q

Fibrocartilage:

A

Contains collagen fibers that provide the cushion between bones. Found on intervertebral disks (small pads found within our vertebral column that helps to provide a cushion and support), tempromandibular joint (the joint found between our temporal bone within our skull and our mandible to help provide that cushion).

45
Q

Yellow (elastic) cartilage:

A

Also a type of connective tissue. Firm and elastic. Found on our pinna, nose, and epiglottis. Any type of body part that requires that elastic “recoil”.

46
Q

Joints:

A

Means by which two bones articulate (come together). Classified based on degree of movement.

47
Q

3 classifications of joints:

A
  • Diarthrodial
  • Amphiarthrodial
  • Synarthrodial
48
Q

Diarthrodial:

A

High mobility - also known as Synovial Joints because of the synovial fluid found within these joints. Ex: ball and socket joint such as our hip joint (free movement of our leg within our hip socket).

49
Q

Amphiarthrodial:

A

Limited mobility - also known as Cartilaginous Joints. Ex: intervertebral disks that allow for a slight degree of movement but can’t rotate all around like our hip joint.

50
Q

Synarthrodial:

A

No mobility - also known as Fibrous Joints. Ex: sutures found within our skull that don’t allow for any movement.

51
Q

Muscles:

A

Groups of muscles fibers come together with a single functional purpose (functional unity).

52
Q

Muscles fibers can be…

A

wide, flat, cylindrical, long, short, etc., there are many different types or characteristics and they are classified based on that.

53
Q

The diameter of a muscle is…

A

directly related to its strength. Bigger muscle in diameter will be stronger than one with a smaller diameter.

54
Q

All of our muscles contract…

A

only in a straight line (ex: flexing bicep) except for sphincter muscle (e.g., drawstrings on a purse), they are round and come together and close off to push food through our digestive tract:

55
Q

All muscles have an…

A

origin and insertion.

56
Q

Origin:

A

is the point of attachment of a muscle that is immobile when a muscle contracts. This is where the muscle originates, it is not going to move.

57
Q

Insertion:

A

is the point of attachment of a muscle that is mobile when a muscle contract. The insertion is going to come up and to meet the origin. The muscle fibers are going to shorten and the insertion is going to come closer to the origin.

58
Q

Muscle fibers can only…

A

actively shorten.

59
Q

When muscle movement occurs they may be categorized as:

A
  • agonist
  • antagonistic
  • synergistic in nature
60
Q

Agonists

A

prime movers - muscles that move a structure (i.e., bicep)

61
Q

Antagonists:

A

muscles that oppose an agonist/prime mover (i.e., triceps)

62
Q

Synergists:

A

muscles used to stabilize structures (i.e., brachioradialis, a muscle of the forearm that helps to stabilize the arm)

63
Q

All muscles are innervated…

Another nerve….

A

by a single nerve that is responsible for activating the muscle.

is responsible for monitoring the muscle’s length and state of tension.

64
Q

Neural Innervation. Innervation is:

A

communication between neurons or between neurons and muscles.

65
Q

Innervation is either..

A

sensory or motor.

66
Q

Sensory:

A

(Afferent) A sensory nerve from a muscle sends information about the state of the muscle to the CNS.

67
Q

Motor:

A

(Efferent) A motor nerve sends impulses from the nervous system to muscles to make them contract.

68
Q

Innervation provides….

Another nerve….

A

the means for a muscle to contract.

is responsible for monitoring the muscle’s length and state of tension.

69
Q

Neuromuscular Disease:

A

condition where the muscular system and the nerve components that supply it with energy is under attack

70
Q

3 examples of Neuromuscular disease:

A
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease)
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS)
  • Myasthenia gravis
71
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease):

A

Neuromuscular disease in which the motor neuron of the nerve is destroyed resulting in a loss of muscle function. Often times people suffering from ALS won’t have the use of their arms and legs and it will really impact the use of their muscles.

72
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS):

A

Myelin destruction (results vary depending on site of lesion). The myelin sheath of the neuron is destroyed. Symptoms include trouble walking, slurred speech, muscle fatigue, and muscle spasm. Can impact the whole body system in terms of being able to function properly to produce speech.

73
Q

Myasthenia gravis:

A

Nerve-to-muscle junction is destroyed as a result of immune system response. Varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal muscles of the body. Affects chewing, swallowing, and talking/speech.

COMD 3100 (13 decks)

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