1:1 Basic Elements of Anatomy Flashcards
Why is anatomy/physiology important for SLP’s?
- Understand normal communication processes and the anatomical structures involved.
- Knowledge base to communicate with other professionals
- Clinic/hospital setting
- Diagnosis/differential diagnosis (SLP can help diagnose and set up appropriate treatment plan)
Anatomy:
the study of the structure of an organism
3 types of “anatomy”:
- Applied anatomy or Clinical anatomy
- Descriptive anatomy or Systemic anatomy
- Gross anatomy
Applied anatomy or Clinical anatomy:
study of anatomy for diagnosis and treatment of disease as it relates to surgical procedures.
Descriptive anatomy or Systemic anatomy:
the description of individual parts of the body without reference to disease. Views the body as a composite of systems that function together (how our systems work together).
Gross anatomy:
the study of structures visible without the aid of microscopy (outer portions of our body without the visible aid of a microscope).
Physiology:
the study of the function of an organism
3 types of “physiology”:
- Electrophysiology
- Auditory physiology
- Respiratory physiology
Electrophysiology:
Measurement and study of the electrical activity of single cells or groups of cells, including muscle and nervous system tissue.
Auditory physiology:
The procedures involved in measurement of auditory function (functions of the ear - how ears work, how we hear sounds, and the processes related to that).
Respiratory physiology:
The study of all processes involved in breathing.
Systems of Verbal Communication:
systems of organs and structures involved in verbal communication. (ALL OF THESE SYSTEMS AND ORGANS COMBINE TOGETHER TO HELP THE BODY FUNCTION PROPERLY AND TO COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY…NO SYSTEM WORKS IN ISOLATION, THEY ARE ALL INTERTWINED FOR SPEECH AND HEARING)
6 systems of verbal communication:
- Nervous system
- Respiratory system
- Phonatory system
- Articulatory system
- Resonatory system
- Auditory system
Nervous system:
nerves and all of the cells involved with anything in our nervous system
Respiratory system:
lungs and the anatomical structures involved with breathing (including trachea and diaphragm)
Phonatory system:
the structures involved in the physical production of sound like the larynx and vocal cords.
Articulatory system:
things that are used to shape the sound as it comes out of our moth like the teeth, tongue, soft palate.
Resonatory system:
nasal cavity and our soft palate (pharynx and nasal cavity).
Auditory system:
our ears and how they work.
Anatomical Terminology (Latin and Greek Terms):
The basis of understanding anatomical structures and functions.
Example:
“ipsi” means “same”
“lateral” means “side”
“ipsilateral” nerve means a nerve that tracts on the same side.
TERMS OF ORIENTATION:
specific terminology lets us communicate relevant information concerning the location and orientation of body parts and organs.
ANATOMICAL POSITION:
Body is erect and the palms and arms face forward. Whenever we discuss terms of direction, we are referring to this position.
PLANES OF REFERENCE:
imaginary planes or axes that divide the body into sections
Examples of the planes of reference and the sections created:
- Frontal section (coronal)
- Midsagittal section
- Sagittal section
- Sagittal plane
- Transverse section
Frontal section (coronal):
divides body into front and back sections
Midsagittal section:
cuts the body into left and right halves (50/50)
Sagittal section:
divides the body into left and right portions (think: “saddle”)
Sagittal plane:
plane created by a sagittal section
Transverse section:
divides the body into upper and lower halves
POSITION OF PARTS:
Describes the position of parts of the body in relation to other parts. “Body-specific” - Will mean different things for different bodies (human vs dog).
Examples of position of parts:
- Anterior
- Ventral
- Posterior
- Dorsal
- Rostral
- Caudal
Anterior:
in front of (ex: your front teeth is anterior to your tongue)
Ventral:
referring to the front surface of the body (for humans, anterior and ventral are synonymous)
Posterior:
toward the back; behind
Dorsal:
referring to the back surface of a body (think: “Free Willy”) (for humans, posterior and dorsal are synonymous)
Rostral:
toward the head (think “rooster”)
Caudal:
toward the tail
ORIENTATION WITH REFERENCE TO THE SURFACE OF THE BODY (7):
- Peripheral
- Superficial
- Deep
- External
- Internal
- Distal
- Medial/Mesial
Peripheral:
away from the center (outside or away from the center)
Superficial:
confined to the surface (on the surface of our body)
Deep:
closer to the central axis of the body (opposite of superficial, ex: an organ lies deep to another organ which means the organ lies closer to the center of a body or closer to the center of a limb)
External :
outside of the cavity or body
Internal:
within the cavity or body
Distal:
away from midline (used for appendiceal structures, such as arms and legs)
Medial/Mesial:
toward midline (used for appendiceal structures, such as arms and legs)
PRESENT POSITION OF ACTUAL BODY (4):
Superior
Inferior
Prone
Supine
Superior:
above, farther from the ground (ex: in the anatomical position our hips are superior to our feet)
Inferior:
below, closer to the ground (ex: in the anatomical position our feet are inferior to our hips)
Prone:
lying on the belly
Supine:
lying on the back
ORIENTATION TO A STRUCTURE RELATIVE TO ANOTHER STRUCTURE so anatomical position is disregarded (2):
- Lateral
- Proximal
Lateral:
to the side
Proximal:
near a body or structure
AXIAL SKELETON:
the portion of the skeleton that consists of the head and trunk, with the spinal column as the axis (the core of the body, including the thorax and abdomen).
APPENDICULAR SKELETON:
the portion of the skeleton that includes only the lower and upper limps / extremities (appendicular / appendages).
TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH MOVEMENT (4):
- Flexion
- Extension
- Plantar
- Palmar
Flexion:
bending at a joint
Extension:
pulling two ends farther apart; opposite of flexion
Plantar:
referring to the sole of the foot
Palmar:
referring to the palm of the hand
TERMS FOR REGIONS OF THE BODY (6):
- Thorax
- Abdomen
- Pelvis
- Cranium
- Upper extremity
- Lower extremity
Thorax:
the chest region (region that houses things like our lungs, heart)
Abdomen:
the region represented externally as the anterior abdominal wall (portion of our abs between our chest region and pelvis)
Pelvis:
the area of the hip bones (sits right below the abdomen, helps us to sit and extend our legs)
Cranium:
the part of the skull that houses the brain
Upper extremity:
the region consisting of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
Lower extremity:
the region including the hip, thigh, ankle, and foot
