1

Question 1

Digestion of CHO

Polysaccharides (____ & ____) —> ______ —> _____ —> ______

enzyme used

Answer 1

Polysaccharides (Starch & Glycogen) —> various dextrins —> maltose —> glucose

enzyme: salivary amylase

Question 2

Fructose 1,6 Biphosphate by–products
1.
2.

Glucose by products
1. aerobic
2. anaerobic

**
1. pyruvate yields _____ in mitochondria and this produces
- 2
- 2
2. these 4 proceeds to _____
3. ultimate goal of glucose is to convert glucose to _____ & ____

Answer 2

Fructose 1,6 Biphosphate by–products
1. Glyceraldehyde 3-P
2. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Glucose by products
1. lactate
2. pyruvate

**
1. acetyl coenzyme A
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
2. electron transport chain
3. carbon dioxide & water

Question 3

3 Common Monosaccharides:

glucose + glucose =
glucose + fructose =
glucose + galactose =

enzyme that helps sugar for degradation

Answer 3

maltose
sucrose
lactose
Lactase

Question 4

1. helps glucose to be utilized or be absorbed inside the cell
   - produced by
2. inhibits the production of insulin (only hormone that suppresses glucose)
   - produced by
3. hormone in glycolysis
   - produced by

Answer 4

1. INSULIN
   - beta cells of islets of langerhan
2. SOMATOSTATIN
   - delta cells
3. GLUCAGON
   - alpha cells

Question 5

INTESTINAL ABSORPTION

1. requires energy and enzyme
   - monosaccharides involved (2)
2. presence of another molecule
   - monosaccharides involved (2)
3. upon absorption, monosaccharides are brought to 3 major veins of GIT
4. monosaccharides are transported to _____ via _____

Answer 5

1. Active transport
   - glucose & galactose
2. Facilitated diffusion
   - fructose & mannose
3. Superior mesenteric vein, Inferior mesenteric vein, Splenic veins
4. liver via portal vein

Question 6

METABOLIC PROCESSES:
1. formation of glucose
2. conversion of glucose to glycogen
3. breakdown of glycogen to glucose
4. breakdown of glucose
5. formation of G-6-P from non carbohydrates source

Answer 6

1. Glucogenesis
2. Glycogenesis
3. Glycogenolysis
4. Glycolysis
5. Gluconeogenesis

Question 7

METABOLIC PATHWAY
1. related with aerobic and anaerobic
2. Krebs cycle aka
3. Mitochondria electron transport chain 2 procedures

Answer 7

METABOLIC PATHWAY
1. Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
2. Tricarboxylic acid cycle
3. electron transport; Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 8

SPECIMEN CONSIDERATIONS:
1. whole blood values ____ lower than serum
2. serum/ plasma should be refrigerated and separated from cells within
3. room temp for; ref temp
4. additive:
- anriglycolytic agent (___top)
- anticoagulant

Answer 8

1. 10-15% lower
2. 1hr
3. ROOM TEMP for 8hrs; REF TEMP for 48-72hrs (2-3 days)
4. additive:
   - sodium fluoride
   - potassium oxalate

Question 9

1. FBS approx fast
   - not ___
   - glucose is ___ in the morning
   - normal value
2. immediate processing to prevent bacterial utilization of glucose
3. only for monitoring of diabetics and not for diagnosis

Answer 9

1. 8-10hr fast
   - >16hr
   - higher
   - 70-100mg/dl
2. CSF glucose
3. Urine sugar

Question 10

GLUCOSE METHODS

_____: oxidation-reduction method
1. done in ___ medium
2. ____ + _____ = ____ anion for which reduces metallic ions

________
1. folin-wu: _____ —> ______
2. total reducing substances

Answer 10

Chemical Methods

Chemical Methods
1. alkaline medium
2. glucose + boiling water = eneidol

Alkaline Copper Reduction
1. phosphomolybdic acid —> phosphomolybdenum blue
2. true reducing substances and saccharoids