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Systemic Disease > 09. Hepatology, Hematology and Infection > Flashcards

09. Hepatology, Hematology and Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of the liver

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2
Q

What 3 things cause hepatitis?

A

Viruses
Alcohol
Drugs

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3
Q

What characterizes hepatitis?

A

Diffuse or patchy necrosis

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4
Q

What is the classic finding of viral hepatitis?

A

Jaundice

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5
Q

Anemia is a reduction of circulating what?

A

RBCs

Hemoglobin

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6
Q

What kind of anemia occurs in chronic renal failure?

A

Normocytic

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7
Q

What causes microcytic anemia?

A

Deficient heme or globin synthesis

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8
Q

What causes normocytic anemia?

A

Primary bone marrow failure

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9
Q

What is the cause of macrocytic anemia?

A

Impaired DNA synthesis with B12 or folate deficiency

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Blood loss

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11
Q

What is the cause of pernicious anemia?

A

Autoimmune gastritis causes a B12 deficiency - antibodies are directed against parietal cells that produce intrinsic factor

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12
Q

What are the “important” characteristics of pernicious anemia?

A

Lower neuropathy - stocking and glove neuropathy

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13
Q

What causes aplastic anemia?

A

Loss of blood cell precursors, leading to bone marrow hypoplasia

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14
Q

What are the known drug causes of aplastic anemia?

A

Abx: chloramphenicol, trimethoprim
Acetazolamide
Penicillamine
NSAIDS

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15
Q

What are the systemic signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia?

A

Pallor of the skin and mucous membranes
Cheilosis of nail bed, mucous membranes, and palm crease
Koilonychias (spoon nails)

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16
Q

What are the ocular signs of aplastic anemia?

A

Retinopathy of anemia
Palp conj pallor and hemes
Roth spots

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17
Q

What is absent in hemophilia A?

A

Factor VIII

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18
Q

What is absent in hemophilia B?

A

Factor IX

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19
Q

What are the ocular signs/symptoms of hemophilia?

A 
Lid ecchymosis
Sub-conj heme
Retinal hemes
Vit hemes
Choroidal hemes and detachment
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20
Q

What characterizes hyperglobulinemia?

A

Excessive production of immunoglobulin or its derivative polypeptide

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21
Q

What characterizes cryoglobinemia?

A

Immunoglobulins that precipitate when cooled

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22
Q

What retinal findings may be seen in cryoglobinemia?

A

Cherry red spot in the macula

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23
Q

What are the ocular signs of Waldenstrom’s Macroglobinemia?

A

Corneal crystals

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24
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

Cancer of plasma cells that produce excessive monoclonal immunoglobulins

25
Multiple myeloma is knowns for osteolytic lesions where?
Long bones Axial skeleton Skull
26
What is the "important" ocular sign of multiple myeloma?
Conj/corneal crystals
27
What lab should be done to investigate multiple myeloma?
Urinary Bence-Jones proteins
28
Acute lymphocytic leukemia typically affects who?
Children
29
Acute myelocytic leukemia typically affects who?
Adults
30
What are the "important" anterior seg findings in leukemia?
Spontaneous conj heme | Spontaneous hyphema
31
What is the "important" fundus involvement in leukemia?
Hemes and roth spots
32
How are platelet disorders evaluated?
Bleeding time | Platelet count
33
What is the effect of platelet dysfunction?
Prolonged bleeding time with normal platelet count
34
What is thrombocytopenia?
Abnormal decrease in platelets
35
What are the 2 "important" systemic findings in thrombocytopenia?
Mucosal bleeding | Intracranial hemorrhage
36
What are the "important" ocular findings in thrombocytopenia?
Spontaneous hyphema Vit heme Retinal heme Choroidal heme
37
What characterizes erythrocytosis?
Increased red cell count
38
What are the findings of Polycythemia Vera?
Increased red cell count | Packed cell volume
39
What are the systemic signs/symptoms of polycythemia vera?
Non-specific: HA, dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus, visual disturbance
40
What are the ocular signs/symptoms of polycythemia vera?
Hyperviscosity retinopathy | Dilated, engorged retinal vessels
41
What is the substitution in hemoglobin S?
Valine for glutamic acid
42
What is the substitution in hemoglobin C?
Lysine for glutamic acid
43
What is sickle cell train?
Hemoglobin A is normal
44
What are the ocular signs and symptoms of sickle cell?
``` Conj comma sign Hyphema - ocular emergency Sickle cell disc sign Salmon patch hemes Black sunburst Sea fan Angioid streaks ```
45
What are the "important" systemic signs of tularemia?
Ulcerated skin lesions | Painful lymph adenopathy
46
What are the "important" ocular findings of tularemia?
Purulent conj Granulomas of conj Sumbandibular lymph node Necrotic membranes
47
What type of organism is loa loa?
Nematode (round worm)
48
How is loa loa released into the blood stream?
As microfilariae
49
Where does loa loa prefer to live?
Subcutaneous tissue - sub conj area
50
What are the ocular findings of Schistosomiasis?
Granulomas with calcified eggs in conj/sclera, retina, choroid, and orbit
51
Cystercercosis on the optic nerve may mimic what?
Optic nerve glioma
52
What is the most common location of cystercercosis?
Posterior seg - at the macula
53
What is the "important" ocular sign of Ocular Toxocariasis?
Fibrous band that may extend to the optic disc, dragging the macula
54
What are the systemic signs of trichinosis?
High fever, HA, hyper-eosinophillia, edema...
55
What is the classic triad of trichinosis?
Bilateral peri-orbital edema Fever Eosinophilia
56
What are the ocular signs of leprosy?
Thickened corneal nerves Superficial stromal keratitis Pannus Uveitis
57
What are the common systemic symptoms of TB?
``` Fever Chills Night sweats Hemoptysis Weight loss ```
58
What are the common pulmonary signs in TB?
Hilar adenopathy | Infiltrates of the apical posterior segments of the upper lobes

Systemic Disease (12 decks)

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