06. Endocrine and Hearing Flashcards
What is the diagnostic fasting plasma glucose level for diabetes?
Over 126 mg/dL
What is the diagnostic level for random plasma glucose in diabetes?
Over 200mg/dL
What goes wrong in type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune system causes loss of pancreatic beta cells
What are the classic symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Weightloss (despite polyphagia)
Why does diabetic ketoacidosis occur?
Grossly deficient insulin availability
What is the hallmark sign of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Smell of acetone on the breath
What are the 3 main risk factors for type 2 DM that make up metabolic syndrome?
Excess abdominal fat (apple shape) Insuline resistance (>100 fasting glucose) Elevated serum triglycerides
What other signs exist in metabolic syndrome?
Decreased HDL
HTN
Sleep apnea
Low T
Acanthosis nigricans is associated with what systemic problems?
Insulin resistance
Obesity
Acanthosis nigiricans is a risk factor for the development of what?
Type 2 DM
Acanthosis nigricans is stimulated by what?
Insulin growth factor
What are the fasting blood glucose and random blood glucose levels in DM2?
> 7mmol/l
>11.1mmol/l
What is nephropathy?
Glomerlular capillary occlusion by deposition of basement membrane-like material
According to the diabetes control and complications trial, the long term risk of retinopathy is reduced by 5 times by lowering A1C by what percent?
2%
What is the A1C goal for DM patients?
Below 7%
What pupil changes may be see in DM2?
Argyll-Robertson pupil
What is Argyll-Robertson pupil?
Poor constriction to light
Slow dilation with mydriatics
Light-near dissociation
What is the most common age-related cataract in DM?
PSC
When may a snowflake cataract be seen in a diabetic?
Typically young adult with poor control
Cataract extraction on a diabetic patient may be followed by what unwanted change?
Progression of retinopathy
During any surgery, due to the trauma, stress, and anesthesia, what may occur to the blood glucose?
Increase
Which is typically unilateral, asteroid hyalosis or synchysis scintillans?
Asteroid hyalosis
What makes up asteroid hyalosis?
Calcium soap
What makes up Synchysis scintillans?
Cholesterol crystals
