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Systemic Disease > 06. Endocrine and Hearing > Flashcards

06. Endocrine and Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diagnostic fasting plasma glucose level for diabetes?

A

Over 126 mg/dL

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2
Q

What is the diagnostic level for random plasma glucose in diabetes?

A

Over 200mg/dL

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3
Q

What goes wrong in type 1 diabetes?

A

Autoimmune system causes loss of pancreatic beta cells

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4
Q

What are the classic symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Weightloss (despite polyphagia)

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5
Q

Why does diabetic ketoacidosis occur?

A

Grossly deficient insulin availability

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6
Q

What is the hallmark sign of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Smell of acetone on the breath

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7
Q

What are the 3 main risk factors for type 2 DM that make up metabolic syndrome?

A 
Excess abdominal fat (apple shape)
Insuline resistance (>100 fasting glucose)
Elevated serum triglycerides
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8
Q

What other signs exist in metabolic syndrome?

A

Decreased HDL
HTN
Sleep apnea
Low T

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9
Q

Acanthosis nigricans is associated with what systemic problems?

A

Insulin resistance

Obesity

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10
Q

Acanthosis nigiricans is a risk factor for the development of what?

A

Type 2 DM

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11
Q

Acanthosis nigricans is stimulated by what?

A

Insulin growth factor

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12
Q

What are the fasting blood glucose and random blood glucose levels in DM2?

A

> 7mmol/l

>11.1mmol/l

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13
Q

What is nephropathy?

A

Glomerlular capillary occlusion by deposition of basement membrane-like material

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14
Q

According to the diabetes control and complications trial, the long term risk of retinopathy is reduced by 5 times by lowering A1C by what percent?

A

2%

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15
Q

What is the A1C goal for DM patients?

A

Below 7%

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16
Q

What pupil changes may be see in DM2?

A

Argyll-Robertson pupil

17
Q

What is Argyll-Robertson pupil?

A

Poor constriction to light
Slow dilation with mydriatics
Light-near dissociation

18
Q

What is the most common age-related cataract in DM?

A

PSC

19
Q

When may a snowflake cataract be seen in a diabetic?

A

Typically young adult with poor control

20
Q

Cataract extraction on a diabetic patient may be followed by what unwanted change?

A

Progression of retinopathy

21
Q

During any surgery, due to the trauma, stress, and anesthesia, what may occur to the blood glucose?

A

Increase

22
Q

Which is typically unilateral, asteroid hyalosis or synchysis scintillans?

A

Asteroid hyalosis

23
Q

What makes up asteroid hyalosis?

A

Calcium soap

24
Q

What makes up Synchysis scintillans?

A

Cholesterol crystals

25
Q

In what age group is synchysis scintillans typically seen?

A

Young

26
Q

What occurs to the vitreous in synchysis scintillans?

A

Liquified

27
Q

Why do retinal capillaries close in DM2?

A

Loss of autoregulation

28
Q

What causes vision loss in PDR?

A

Fibrous proliferation occurs, contracts, and may detach the retina

Systemic Disease (12 decks)

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