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Systemic Disease > 07. GI > Flashcards

07. GI Flashcards

1
Q

GERD is incompetence of what?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

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2
Q

Prolonged GERD may lead to what?

A

Esophagitis and stricture

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of stricture in GERD?

A

*Barett’s esophagitis
Metaplasia
Pre-cancerous

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4
Q

GERD may indicate what?

A

Hiatus hernia - protrusion of the stomach throught the diaphragm

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5
Q

What are typical Txs for GERD?

A 
Proton pump inhibitors
Prikinetics
H2 blockers
Lifestyle change
Surgical repair of hernia
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6
Q

What causes gastritis?

A

Helicobacter pylori

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7
Q

Is helicobacter gram positive or negative?

A

Negative - can live in an acid environment

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8
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of gastritis?

A

Dyspepsia
Bleeding of gastric mucosa
Peptic ulcer disease

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9
Q

What is chronic pancreatitis?

A

Persistent inflammation of the pancreas

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10
Q

What are the 2 typical causes of chronic pancreatitis?

A

Chronic alcohol abuse

Idiopathic

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of pancreatitis?

A

Recurrent attacks of pain

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12
Q

What are the 2 complications of chronic pancreatitis?

A

Mal-absorption and glucose intolerance

Diabetes

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13
Q

What are the retinal signs of chronic pancreatitis?

A

Ischemic retinopathy (CWS, NFL hemes, diffuse edema, capillary non-perfusion on ICG)

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14
Q

Ischemic retinopathy from chronic pancreatitis appears similar to what?

A

Purtscher’s retinopathy

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15
Q

What are the etiologies of ischemic retinopathy due to chronic pancreatitis?

A

Fat emboli
Complement induced leukocyte aggregation
Fibrin embolization

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16
Q

What is the common name for gastroenteritis?

A

Stomach flu

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17
Q

Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of what?

A

Stomach and small intestines

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18
Q

What are the typical causes of gastroenteritis?

A

Viral (norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus)
Bacterial (clostridium, slamonella, shigella…)
Parasitic (giardia)

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19
Q

What is the correct term for Gardner’s syndrome?

A

Familial adeno-polyposis

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20
Q

What is the inheritance of Gardner’s?

A

AD

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21
Q

What 3 things are included in the syndrome that makes up Gardner’s syndrome?

A

Intestinal polyposis
Soft tissue tumors
Benign osseous bone growths

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22
Q

What are the 2 GI signs of Gardner’s?

A

Intestinal polyposis

Adenocarcinoma of the colon

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23
Q

What is the most important musculoskeletal finding in Gardner’s?

A

Osteomas of the skull and facial bones

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24
Q

What are the 2 major dermatologic findings in Familial Adeno-Polyposis?

A

Epidermoid cysts

Neurofibromas

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25
What are the typical retinal findings in Gardner's?
Multiple foci of RPE hypertrophy
26
What is Crohn's disease?
IBS - chronic inflammatory disease that usually affects the distal ileum
27
Crohn's is typically in the distal ileum, but can occur where else?
Anywhere in the GI tract
28
What gene is associated with Crohn's?
HLA-B27
29
Crohn's is associated with what other autoimmune diseases?
Ankylosing spondylitis | Erythema Nodosum
30
What are the "important" ocular findings in Crohn's?
``` Decreased tears - reduced vitamin A Night blindness Repeated sub-conj hemorrhages Non-granulomatous episcleritis Scleritis and scleromalacea Chronic pan-uveitis ```
31
What is definitive for Crohn's?
X-ray, barium enema with string sign
32
What characterizes ulcerative colitis?
Chronic inflammation and ulcerative disease of the colon
33
What other symptoms/signs are associated with ulcerative colitis?
Bloody diarrhea Mouth ulcers Erythema nodosum Finger clubbing
34
What ocular findings are seen with ulcerative colitis?
Acute anterior uveitis Peripheral corneal infiltrates Conjunctivitis
35
What causes Whipple's disease?
Bacterial infection of Tropheryma whippeli
36
Whipple disease mostly affects what?
Intestinal tract
37
What are the typical findings of Whipple?
Fever, cough, diarrhea, arthralgia, anemia, weight loss Small, white vitreous opacities Retinal hemes/exudates Exudative material over the pars plana
38
What are the classic signs of Celiac?
Malabsorption - diarrhea, steatorrhea, adominal distention, muscle wasting, growth retardation
39
What age range is less likely to GI symptoms of Celiac?
Adults or older children
40
What percent of Celiac pts have positive serologic tests?
40%
41
What is the serology oc Celiac?
IgA tissue transglutaminase (IgA tTg) antibody - 95% sensitive and specific
42
What test gives the confirmatory Dx of celiac?
Endoscopic biopsy of the proximal dudenum and distal duodenum
43
What are the 2 most "important" esophageal cancers?
Squamous cell carcinoma | Adenocarcinoma
44
What part of the esophagus typically contracts a squamous cell carcinoma?
Proximal 2/3
45
What are the risk factors for an esophageal squamous cell?
Smoking | Alcohol intake
46
Where in the esophagus does an adenocarcinoma typically occur?
Distal 1/3
47
What typically causes an esophageal adenocarcinoma?
Reflux esophagitis
48
Reflux esophagitis will more commonly lead to what, rather than adenocarcinoma?
Barrett's esophagitis
49
What most commonly causes stomach cancer?
H Pylori
50
What are some examples of monogenic disorders?
``` Thalassemia Sickle cell Hemophilia Cystic fibrosis Tay Sachs ```
51
How does trisomy 21 occur?
Chromosome 21 is trans-located to another location
52
Down's typically presents with what?
``` Decreased muscle tone as infants Mental retardation Characteristic flat face, slanting eyes, irregular ears Microcephaly Short stature Extensible joints ```
53
What characteristic of Down's is detected by ultrasound?
Extra skin around the neck
54
Why is a Down's patient's lifespan typically short?
Heart disease | Increased incidence of leukemia
55
What are 2 common systemic diseases in Down's?
Hypothyroidism | Diabetes
56
Down's patients commonly have an early onset of what disease?
Alzheimer's
57
What are the "important" ocular findings associated with Down's?
K-cone | Brushfield's spots
58
What is Turner's Syndrome?
Partial/complete monosomy of X chromosome in females
59
Turner's syndrome is an issue with what chromosome?
X
60
What are the "important" systemic findings in Turner's syndrome?
Thyroid disorders Cardiac disease Short, webbed neck Anomalous external ears
61
What are the "important" ocular findings in Turner's?
Blue sclera Microcornea K-cone Brushfield's spots
62
Klinefelter's syndrome is an anomaly of what gene?
X
63
Klinefelter's results in a phenotypical (male/female)
Female
64
What is the gene anomaly in Klinefelter's?
Double X
65
What are typical findings in Klinefelters?
Tall (Marfanoid) Learning difficulties Verbal IQ deficits, auditory processing, reading difficulty May have normal IQ
66
What gender does Triple X affect?
Females
67
What are the signs/symptoms of Triple X?
No signs Menstrual irregularity Mildly impaired intellect
68
Fragile X often results in what condition?
Autism
69
What is the hallmark of Cri du Chat?
Pitched mewing cry after birth | Marked mental and physical retardation
70
What are the ocular findings of trisomy 13?
Microphthalmia Colobomas Slanted palpebral fissures
71
What are the ocular findings of Trisomy 18?
Microphthalmia
72
What ocular finding occurs in Alagille syndrome?
Posterior embryotoxin of the angle
73
When should the neural tube be complete?
28 days after conception
74
An occult lesion of spinabifida shows what on the spine?
Hair tuft
75
What are the two types of failure that cause coloboma?
Ectodermal vesicle failure | Mesodermal fold failure
76
What are the "important" ocular findings of ectodermal failure coloboma?
Optic pits | Morning glory disc
77
What type of failure results in eyelid coloboma?
Mesodermal fold failure to close
78
What things can cause colobomas?
CHARGE syndrome Alcohol Vitamin A deficiency Maternal infection with CMV or Toxo

Systemic Disease (12 decks)

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