05 Flashcards
Strict laws of laboratory structure?
Some events cause other events without exception
Ceteris paribus laws?
Some events cause other events, all other things being equal
Comparative Ceteris paribus law?
how a variable changes relative to another variable under the assumption that all other factors remain constant (“ceteris paribus” is Latin for “all else being equal”).
What is the definition of Error?
The deviation of the result of measurement from the true value of the measurable quantity
What’s a random error?
unpredictable and uncontrollable variations in data that occur by chance
What’s a systematic error?
predictable biases or inaccuracies in data collection over repeated measurments
How can random and systematic errors be identified, and what do repeatability and reproducibility indicate about measurement quality (Rabinovich, 1995)?
Repeatability: Reflects the closeness of results under the same conditions.
Reproducibility: Reflects the closeness of results across different locations, instruments, or conditions.
Good repeatability and reproducibility indicate small random and systematic errors.
What are two different types of experiments?
Laboratory experiments
Field experiments
Whats the definition of a laboratory experiment?
An artificial situation which allows control of all confounding factors
Whats a control group?
A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or change being tested
used as a baseline
What’s an experimental group?
The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or condition being tested
It’s the group where researchers observe the effects of the treatment
What’s a quasi-experiment?
Comparison of groups without randomization
What are confounding variables?
Factors that interfere with the relationship between the variables being studied, making it difficult to determine the true cause-and-effect relationship
What’s the definition of a field experiment?
Observation under the condition of a natural setting
What is active manipulation?
Altering an independent variable to observe the effect on the dependent variable
What are the three conditions of experimentation?
Arbitrariness of creating conditions
Variability of the conditions
Repeatability of the conditions
How can confounding variables be controlled in simulation experiments?
ceteris…
Confounding variables can be controlled in simulation experiments by:
Declaring some absent (ceteris absentibus).
Neglecting those with minor effects (ceteris neglectis).
Holding present variables constant during the experiment (ceteris paribus)
What is the hypothetico-deductive method?
A cyclic pattern of reasoning and observation used to generate and test proposed hypotheses
Definition of Research Hypothesis
The proposed answer to a research question
Definition of Statistical Hypothesis
A statement which expresses the statistical relation between two or more variables
What does Operationalisation mean
The steps (or operations) one takes to measure a variable in question
Assigning observable phenomena (indicator) to concepts (constructs)
What is Operationism?
Reducing theoretical concepts to empirical operations
What type of science is Psychology?
Humanities (human studies/moral sciences): Investigation of experience and mental life
Natural science: Investigation of behaviour as physical movement
Social science, cultural science, life science etc.
What are the three features of qualitative research?
Research interest: lifeworld as a system of social agents
Data collection: field research, interviews, autonomous products of the field (non-reactive data sources)
Interpretation: intersubjective-communicative undestanding
What are mixed methods?
Combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches
What does Triangulation mean?
Compensation of the weaknesses of a method by another
