01 Flashcards
Knowledge
How does Plato define Knowledge in Theatetus?
Knowledge is true opinion accompanied by reason. Distinguishes knowledge from mere true opinion by requiring a rational basis for the belief
How could we define Belief?
A kind of mental state
What would we consider True?
Something complying with criteria of logic
“Belief is the spontaneous self-maintenance of the idea before the mind” (Miller, 1937)
Define the word True
Complying with criteria of logic
“Truth is understood to be a feature of statements about things” (Heidegger, 1926)
Justified means?
Having sufficient reason to believe smth
What are the two types of justification for scientific theories according to Mario Bunge?
Grounded: its presuppositions are valid (what the theory takes for granted is consistent with known laws)
Systematic: compatible with other theories
What is Empirical Justification?
It gives a theory a set of data.
What are epistemic attitudes?
Perspectives/stances toward the justification of Knowledge
What are the three types of Epistemic attitudes?
Everyday life (natural attitude), Scientific attitude and the Philosophical attitude
What are the 3 sub-components of the Natural Attitude?
(INS)
1) Instrumental orientation
2) Naive Realism
3) Subjectivism
What are the 4 sub-components of the Scientific Attitude?
(DESO)
1)Description
2)Explanation
3)Scientific Realism
4)Objectivism
What are the 4 sub-components of the Philosophical Attitude?
(CEMM)
1) Critique of worldviews
2) Epistemology
3) Methodic doubt
4) Metaphysics
What is instrumental orientation (natural attitude)?
Asks the question: How can I use this?
What is Naive Realism (natural attitude)?
I believe what I see
What is Subjectivism (natural attitude)?
From my point of view…
What is description (scientific attitude)?
What are the parts of this whole?
What is explanation (scientific attitude)?
What is the reason/cause?
What is scientific realism (scientific attitude)?
We need theories to understand what is happening
What is objectivism (scientific attitude)?
The actual events lie beyond the appearances
What is meant by critique of worldviews (philosophical attitude)?
Beyond Subjectivism and Objectivism
What is epistemology (philosophical attitude)?
Study of Knowledge, what can we actually know?
What is methodic doubt (philosophical attitude)?
Certainty has rational reasons
What are metaphysics (philosophical attitude)?
What is being and the order of the cosmos?
What does Galileo mean by describing the universe as written in the language of mathematics?
the universe operates through natural laws that can only be understood through mathematics and geometry (Galileo, 1623)
What are three schools of thought within Exactitude?
(NAM)
Naturalism
Atomism
Mechanism
What is Naturalism?
All phenomena belong to nature, which is a totality of events
What is Atomism?
At a certain point in time, a certain piece of matter occupies a certain part of space
What is Mechanism?
The relation between the parts is governed by laws of nature
What is the condition of Exactitude?
Quantification
What is the opposite of Exactitude? (Lacan)
Conjecture (ideas/explenations that are not supported by concrete evidence)
