02 Flashcards
What are Doxastic Theories? (JTB)
Justified
True
Belief
What are the 2 ways something could be justified?
Epistemologically Basic Propositions (EBP): Self-justifying propositions.
Justification by reason: Pyramid structure of knowledge, resting on EBP.
What is a doxastic theory?
From greek doxa = belief
explores how a person’s belief must be justified to count as knowledge
What are 3 Nondoxastic theories?
The Gettier Problem
Probabilism
Reliabilism
What is the Gettier Problem?
A belief can be justified and (coincidentally) true without constituting knowledge.
ex: Clock stuck at 3:00pm, do you really know it’s 3:00? No, because your belief was true by accident, not because your justification was reliable
What is Probabilism?
(non doxastic)
The probability that beliefs are true is evaluated by external considerations
What is Reliabilism?
(non doxsastic)
A belief is justified if and only if it is produced by a reliable (i.e., indefinitely probable) cognitive process.
Ex: If you check a well-functioning thermometer to see if it’s cold, and it says 10°C, you know it’s 10°C because thermometers are reliable.
Something is considered True if it fits within?
(CCCP)
Correspondence
Coherence
Consensus
Pragmatic
What is Correspondence (Truth)?
A statement is true when it corresponds to the facts, what we perceive as reality
What is Coherence (Truth)?
A statement is true if it fits with everything else we believe
What is Consensus (for Truth)?
A statement is true if everybody agrees on it
What is Pragmatic (for Truth)?
A statement is true if what it says works (is useful)
4 laws of Thought
(A is..)
Identity
Non contradiction
Excluded middle
Sufficient reason
Identity in Thought
Each thing is identical with itself.
Everything that is, exists.
A is A.
Non contradiction in Thought
That which involves a contradiction is false, and that which is opposed/contradictory to the false is true.
Nothing can simultaneously be and not be.
A is not not-A.
Excluded middle in Thought
For every proposition, either this proposition or its negation is true.
Each and every thing either is or is not.
X is either A or not-A
Sufficient reason in Thought
Of everything that is, it can be found why it is.
If A then B.
(We can find no true or existent fact, no true assertion, without there being a sufficient reason why it is thus and not otherwise)
3 Elements of Logic
(CJI)
Concept
Judgment
Inference
What is a concept (for Logic)?
Properties of a thing that can be expressed by a series of judgments
What is a judgment (for Logic)?
making an evaluative/reasoned decision about a statement, belief, or phenomenon, based on evidence, logic…
What is Inference (in Logic)?
The derivation of a judgment from one or several other judgments
Major premise, minor premise, conclusion
A is B, B is C, therefore A is C
What is understood in Deduction?
2 concepts
Truth-preserving: Only deductive inferences transfer the truth from the premises to the conclusion with certainty.
Syllogism: Inferring the particular from the general.
What is understood in Induction?
2 concepts
Generalization: The premises of induction tell us only about the cases observed so far.
Ampliative: Conclusions go beyond their premises.
