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Micro > 04b: Fungi > Flashcards

04b: Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

List the three major mechanisms by which fungi can cause disease in people:

A
  1. Toxin
  2. Allergy (rhinitis/asthma)
  3. Direct infection
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2
Q

T/F: Like plants, fungi have chlorophyll.

A

False

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3
Q

Fungi that derive nourishment from dead/composing organic material have (X) existence.

A

X = saprophytic

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4
Q

Fungi that use material from living organism in mutually beneficial way have (X) existence.

A

X = symbiotic

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5
Q

Fungi that use material from living organism for its benefit (but is neither beneficial nor harmful for host) have (X) existence.

A

X = commensal

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6
Q

Fungi that use material from living organism in manner that harms host have (X) existence.

A

X = parasitic

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7
Q

Fungi are (prok/euk). They (have/lack) nucleus/nuclear membrane and organelles, have (X) ribosome, and (have/lack) cell wall.

A

Eukaryotic;
Have (golgi)
X = 80S
Have rigid cell wall

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8
Q

T/F: Fungal cell wall structure similar to bacterial cell wall.

A

False - contains chitin, mannan, and beta-glucan

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9
Q

Medically important fungi can be either moist, waxy colonies called (X) or branching tubular filaments called (Y)

A 
X = yeast
Y = hyphae (mass = "mold")
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10
Q

(Yeast/hyphae) cells are round/oval and typically reproduce by which mechanism(s)?

A

Yeast;

Budding (small outgrowth) or fission (splitting into equally-sized daughter cells)

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11
Q

(X) are elongated (yeasts/hyphae) with constrictions between cells. Looks like chain of sausages.

A

X = pseudohyphae

Yeasts

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12
Q

T/F: Hyphae can be either septate or aseptate.

A

True

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13
Q

How to molds reproduce?

A

Hyphae produce spores (conidia)

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14
Q

Thermally dimorphic fungi appear as (X) in environment and as (Y) in mammals. What stimulates this phase-transition?

A 
X = mold
Y = yeast

In-vivo conditions (esp 37oC)

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15
Q

T/F: Gram stain is useless for all fungi.

A

False - all except Candida (gram-pos)

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16
Q

Due to their (X), fungi are resistant to degradation by hot alkali. Thus, (Y) prep can be used to visualize fungi in lab.

A 
X = cell wall
Y = KOH
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17
Q

(X) stain is good for visualizing fungi, which stain black.

A

X = Silver

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18
Q

(X) stain is good for visualizing fungi, which stain red.

A

X = PAS

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19
Q

When fungal infection is suspected, specimens should be plated on special medium, (X) agar.

A

X = Sabouraud;

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20
Q

(X) are (superficial/subcutaneous/systemic) mycoses (mold) that can invade keratinized tissues by virtue of their ability to metabolize (Y).

A

X = dermatophytosis
Superficial;
Y = keratin

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21
Q

Most common sites of dermatophytosis.

A

Scalp, beard, feet, groin, nails

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22
Q

“Tinea pedis” aka “athlete’s foot” is (superficial/subcutaneous/deep) mycosis caused by (X) molds.

A

Superficial;

X = dermatophytosis

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23
Q

T/F: Dermatophytosis can be treated topically.

A

True

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24
Q

(X) is a common, superficial fungal infection that produces (hypo/hyper)-pigmented lesions, generally on trunk/proximal limbs.

A

X = tinea versicolor

Either hyper or hypo-pigmented lesions

25
Q

Dandruff is (X) of the scalp. This is primarily an inflammatory reaction to (Y) species. It presents with which symptoms?

A 
X = seborrheic dermatitis
Y = Malassezia (fungal)

Erythema, scaling, itching

26
Q

“Madura foot” aka (X), is (superficial/subcutaneous/systemic) mycosis. It’s a(n) (acute/chronic) infection that presents with which symptoms?

A

X = Mycetoma
Subcutaneous;
Chronic

Swelling, nodules, sinus tracts

27
Q

How can dermatophytes be spread to humans?

A
  1. Other humans
  2. Soil
  3. Animals
28
Q

Onychomycosis is what kind of (bacterial/fungal) infection? It’s more commonly found in which population?

A

Fungal; superficial mycosis (dermatophytosis) of (toe) nails

More common in elderly population

29
Q

Which dermatophytosis (superficial mycosis) is more commonly found in pediatric population?

A

Tinea capitus (of scalp)

30
Q

Which fungal species responsible for Tinea versicolor?

A

Malassezia species

31
Q

(X) is the most common species of Candidiasis. The agents form (yeast/hyphae) in tissue.

A

X = Candida albicans

Yeasts, hyphae, and pseudohyphae

32
Q

Unlike most systemic mycoses, which are acquired via (X), (Y) infections are generally acquired via (Z).

A 
X = inhalation of airborne spores
Y = Candida
Z = endogenous infection
33
Q

Mucocutaneous candidiasis is seen in patients with (X).

A

X = defects in T cell-mediated immunity, diabetes, on broad spectrum antibiotics

34
Q

Disseminated candidiasis is seen in patients with (X).

A

X = neutropenia, IV cath, surgery

35
Q

“Thursh” aka (X) is often the first clinical manifestation of (Y).

A 
X = oral (mucocutaneous) candidiasis
Y = HIV
36
Q

Which two agents are responsible for Cryptococcosis?

A
  1. Cryptococcus neoformans

2. Cryptococcus gattii

37
Q

(X) is the only medically important fungus with a capsule, which circulates in (Y) body compartments and is useful for diagnosis.

A

X = Cryptococcus;

Y = blood and CSF

38
Q

Which fungal agent is found worldwide, with high concentrations in soil, bird droppings, and rotting wood?

A

Cryptococcus

39
Q

Cryptococcus has strong association with (X) disorders.

A

X = T-cell immunity (esp. AIDS)

Also transplants

40
Q

(X) is the most common clinical presentation of C. neoformans.

A

X = meningitis

41
Q

Patient with meningitis. You suspect Cryptococcus (X) infection. What could you measure to verify this?

A

X = neoformans

CSF would have high protein, low glucose (maybe), and be positive for Cryptococcal Ag

42
Q

Which drug would you use for extensive mucocutaneous candidiasis?

A

Fluconazole

And, if possible, eliminate predisposing condition (ex: discontinue broad spectrum antibiotics)

43
Q

(X) is the most common fungus in the environment. What is the spectrum of disease conditions/mechanisms it can cause?

A

X = aspergillosis

Allergic, Aspergilloma, Invasive

44
Q

Patient has pre-existing pulmonary cavity. You suspect (X) species of (bacteria/fungus) is residing in that cavity. What are you afraid that agent will do?

A

X = aspergillosis
Fungus

Can either chill or invade vessels (hemorrhagic infarction)

45
Q

Patient on chemo (weak immune system) is at risk for (X) invasive fungal infection. With very low (Y) WBCs, infection by this agent can have pt mortality over 50%!

A 
X = aspergillosis 
Y = PMNs
46
Q

Black, necrotic lesion is classic presentation of (X) fungal infection. Which patients have predisposition?

A

X = mucormycosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis, neutropenia

47
Q

(X) is the most common life-threatening infection in AIDS patients in US. What’s the infectious agent responsible?

A

X = pneumocystis pneumonia

Pneumocystis jiroveci

48
Q

Patient with pneumocystosis (PCP) will have which clinical presentation?

A

Pneumonia (fever, non-productive cough, SOB);

Chest X-ray will show diffuse interstitial infiltrates

49
Q

T/F: Pneumocystis jiroveci cannot be cultured.

A

True

50
Q

(X) fungal agent is endemic in Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, Caribbean, and Central America. Exposure to (Y) is risk factor. (Z) patients are particularly susceptible.

A 
X = Histoplasma capsulatum
Y = bird/bat droppings
Z = AIDS
51
Q

Histoplasmosis diagnosis in immunocompetent patients is via (X) test. And in AIDS patients is via (Y) test.

A 
X = serology
Y = urine antigen
52
Q

(X), also known as “valley fever”, is endemic in San Joaquin valley, SW US, and parts of Latin America. Which fungal agents are responsible?

A

X = Coccidioides

  1. Coccidioides immitis
  2. Coccidioides posadasii
53
Q

(X) fungal species forms mature spherule in lung, filled with (Y). If the spherule bursts, all the (Y) have which fate?

A 
X = coccidioides
Y = endospores

Spread and can develop into new spherules

54
Q

T/F: Coccidioides infection doesn’t occur in immunocompetent patients.

A

False - but more common in those with impaired CMI (esp AIDS)

55
Q

(X) fungal agent has multiple buds that look like “pilot wheel” or Mickey Mouse. Where is this infection endemic?

A

X = Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

South America (esp Brazil and Colombia)

56
Q

(X) fungal agent is mold in (nature/tissue) and large, broad-based yeast buds in (nature/tissue). It’s endemic in SE and Central U.S. as well as the Great Lakes.

A

X = Blastomyces dermatitidis;

Nature; tissue

57
Q

Being pricked by rose thorn puts you most at risk for which fungal infection?

A

Sporothrix schenckii

58
Q

(X) fungal infection is endemic in areas of SE Asia and nearly all cases are seen in (Y) patients. Unlike most yeasts, reproduction of this agent is via (budding/fission).

A 
X = Talaromyces (penicillium) marneffei
Y = AIDS

Fission

59
Q

Colonization of (X) species of fungus is common in humans.

A

X = candida

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