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Micro > 04a: Zoonotic Bacteria > Flashcards

04a: Zoonotic Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Zoonotic diseases are transmitted from (X) to humans (directly/indirectly) via (Y).

A

X = animals

Directly or indirectly (Y = vectors like insects/mites)

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2
Q

Two most common zoonotic diseases in U.S.

A
  1. Lyme disease

2. RMSF

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3
Q

T/F: Diagnosis of zoonotic diseases is typically presumptive, based on clinical presentation and patient history.

A

True - lab tests take too long

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4
Q

Rickettsia organisms cause which diseases? What’s the cell shape and gram reaction?

A

RMSF, Epidemic and Endemic Typhus

Rods; gram-negative

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5
Q

Major virulence factors of Rickettsia.

A
  1. Intracellular growth (obligate intracellular parasite!)

2. Endotoxin

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6
Q

Transmission of Rickettsia rickettsii to humans is via (X) vector and mammalian reservoirs are (Y).

A 
X = dog tick (arthropod) bites
Y = dogs/rodents
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7
Q

List the common clinical findings of Rickettsia.

A

Flu-like symptoms:

  1. HIGH fever/chills
  2. Myalgia, prostration (weakness)
  3. Severe headache
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8
Q

List the specific clinical findings of Rickettsia rickettsii infection, aka (X) disease.

A

X = RMSF

Rash that starts on hands/feet (including palms/soles) and extends centrally; macular then progresses to petechiae.

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9
Q

T/F: RMSF can be fatal if not treated within a month of symptom onset.

A

False - within 8 days of symptom onset!

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10
Q

(X) is the causative agent for RMSF (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever).

A

X = Rickettsia rickettsii

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11
Q

(X) is the causative agent for Epidemic Typhus.

A

X = Rickettsia prowazekii

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12
Q

Transmission of Rickettsia prowazekii to humans is via (X) vector and mammalian reservoirs are (Y).

A 
X = lice
Y = humans
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13
Q

T/F: Epidemic Typhus is not a real problem in the U.S.

A

True - in areas of poverty or refugee camps

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14
Q

List the specific clinical findings of Rickettsia prowazekii infection, aka (X) disease.

A

X = Epidemic Typhus

Maculopapular rash (starts at trunk about 1 week after flu-like symptom onset); spreads peripherally (spares face, palms/soles) and becomes petechial

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15
Q

(X) is the causative agent for Endemic Typhus.

A

X = Rickettsia typhi

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16
Q

Transmission of Rickettsia typhi to humans is via (X) vector and mammalian reservoirs are (Y).

A 
X = flea
Y = rodents
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17
Q

T/F: Endemic Typhus is not a real problem in the U.S.

A

True - typically in travelers from Africa, Asia, South Europe

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18
Q

T/F: Endemic and Epidemic Typhus have nearly identical clinical presentation.

A

False

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19
Q

List the specific clinical findings of Rickettsia typhi infection, aka (X) disease.

A

X = Endemic Typhus

  1. Potential rash development
  2. GI/respiratory involvement; CNS involvement (45% of pts)
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20
Q

T/F: Endemic Typhus can be fatal if not treated within a month of symptom onset.

A

False - uncomplicated course with full recovery; especially mild in children

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21
Q

List first and second choice treatment for Rickettsial disease.

A
  1. Tetracyclines (doxycyline)

2. Chloramphenicol

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22
Q

Coxiella burnetii is a gram-(pos/neg) bacteria with which shape? Infection is associated with which disease?

A

Gram-neg
Coccobacillus;
Q Fever

23
Q

T/F: Coxiella burnetii is obligate intracellular parasite.

A

True

24
Q

Transmission of Coxiella burnetii to humans is via (X) vector and mammalian reservoirs are (Y).

A 
X = no vector; via inhaling aerosolized material contaminated with urine, feces, placental tissue (or via drinking unpast. milk)
Y = cattle, sheep, goats
25
Q

T/F: 80% of Coxiella burnetii infections are asymptomatic.

A

False - about 50%

26
Q

Acute Q fever presents with (X) symptoms and, if untreated, usually progresses to:

A

X = flu-like (NO RASH)

Recovery (even without antibiotics); can take few months

27
Q

About 30-50% of patients with Q fever develop (X) and some even develop (Y).

A 
X = pneumonia
Y = hepatitis
28
Q

Small portion (5%) of patients develop chronic Q fever and present with (X), which has (Y)% mortality if untreated.

A 
X = endocarditis
Y = 40
29
Q

T/F: Q fever isn’t an important disease in the U.S.

A

False

30
Q

T/F: There are no vaccines available for Rickettsia or Coxiella burnetii.

A

False - ANIMAL vaccines for Coxiella burnetii exist

31
Q

Ehrlichia chaffeensis is the causative agent for (X) disease. It is gram-(pos/neg) and has which shape?

A

X = Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME)

Gram-neg, short rods ** NO pepditoglycan or LPS!

32
Q

T/F: Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are obligate intracellular parasites.

A

True

33
Q

Transmission of Ehrlichia chaffeensis to humans is via (X) vector and mammalian reservoirs are (Y).

A 
X = Lone Star Tick
Y = humans
34
Q

A significant portion (50-90%) of patients with (X) zoonotic disease(s) present with leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated (Y).

A 
X = HME (Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis) and HGA (Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis)
Y = aminotransferases
35
Q

T/F: HME (Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis) and HGA (Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis) are rash-free.

A

False - 30% of patients with HME may present with rash

36
Q

T/F: HME (Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis) and HGA (Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis) are both treated with doxycycline.

A

True

37
Q

T/F: HME (Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis) and HGA (Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis) can be prevented via vaccination.

A

False - no vaccines; remain tick-free

38
Q

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the causative agent for (X) disease. It is gram-(pos/neg) and has which shape?

A

X = Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA)

Gram-neg, short rods ** NO pepditoglycan or LPS!

39
Q

T/F: Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are not problematic in the U.S.

A

False

40
Q

(X) zoonotic bacteria form morulae during (intra/extra)-cellular replication.

A

X = Erhlichia (in monocytes) and Anaplasma (in granulocytes);

Intracellular (within phagosomes)

41
Q

Zoonotic bac: About (X)% of patients with HME require hospitalization. And (Y)% of patients with HGA.

A

X = Y = 50

42
Q

T/F: Mortality rates from Erhlichia and Anaplasma infections (HME/HGA) are virtually negligible.

A

False..
HME: 2-3%
HGA: about 1%

43
Q

T/F: Erhlichia and Anaplasma infections are more prevalent in young children, under 1 y.o.

A

False - among elderly

44
Q

Transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophilum to humans is via (X) vector and mammalian reservoirs are (Y).

A 
X = Ixodes scapularis tick
Y = humans, horses, dogs
45
Q

Causative agent for Lyme is (X). It’s gram-(pos/neg) and what shape?

A

X = Borrelia burgdorferi
Spirochete! No gram stain (seen in silver or Giemsa stains or darkfield microscopy)

Irregular, loosely coiled

46
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted to humans via (X) vector and the mammalian reservoir is (Y).

A 
X = ticks (esp. Ixodes scapularis)
Y = white-footed mouse (and to lesser extent white-tailed deer)
47
Q

Early, localized Lyme infection may have which clinical presentation?

A
  1. Erythema migrans (80% of time), which is painless, circular/bullseye rash
  2. Potential flu-like symptoms
48
Q

Early, disseminated Lyme infection may have which clinical presentation?

A
  1. CV (carditis with AV block)

2. CNS (meningoencephalitis, cranial neuropathies - Bell’s Palsy, radiculitis, peripheral neuropathy)

49
Q

Late, disseminated Lyme infection may have which clinical presentation?

A

Arthritis (esp knee) and maybe subtle lyme encephalopathy or polyneuropathy

50
Q

T/F: All stages of Lyme are diagnosed via clinical presentation/patient history and serological tests.

A

False - serological tests not for classic erythema migrans (early, localized Lyme)

51
Q

First step of Lyme serological test is (X), to detect (Y).

A 
X = ELISA
Y = anti-B. burgdorferi Ab
52
Q

Second step of Lyme serological test is (X), to detect (Y).

A 
X = Western blot
Y = IgM and IgG against specific B. burgdorferi Ag
53
Q

Stage 1/mild Lyme treated with:

A

Oral doxycycline or ampicillin (short course)

54
Q

Late stage (severe), invasive Lyme treated with:

A

Ceftriaxone

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