04 - brain and cranial nerve disorders cont

Question 1

(congenital malformations and anomalies)

(hydrocephalus)

1. accumulation of what in brain?
2. Cx?
3. ddx?
4. tx?

Answer 1

1. CSF
2. head pressing, demetia, seizures, etc
3. hepatic encephalopathy, encephalitis, toxin exposure
4. corticosteroids, mannitol if ^ pressure, anticonvulsants for seizures

Question 2

(congenital malformations and anomalies)

(lissencephaly)

1. what is this?

Answer 2

1. absence of cerebral cortex convolution and thinned white matter -> behavior changes, etc

Question 3

(congenital malformations and anomalies)

(congenital arachnoid cysts)

1. what is this?

Answer 3

1. cystic accumulation of CSF in the subarachnoid space -> these can slowly enlarge and cause compression of adjacent neural tissue

(get typical neuro signs)

Question 4

(congenital malformations and anomalies)

(cerebellar hypoplasia in cats)

1. caused by exposure of kittens in utero to what?

Answer 4

1. panleukopenia infection

(no tx!)

Question 5

(congenital malformations and anomalies)

(cerebellar hypoplasia in dogs)

1. most genetic, can be caused by what disease though?

Answer 5

1. postnatal herpesvirus

(no tx!)

Question 6

(congenital malformations and anomalies)

(multiple neuronal abiotrophies)

1. cell loss or chromatolytic changes in multiple areas of the brain

no tx!

Question 7

(congenital malformations and anomalies)

(multisystem neuroaxonal dystrophy)

1. what is this?
2. clinical signs are what brain region in origin?

Answer 7

1. an inherited error of metabolism that results in swellings along the regions of the axon
2. cerebellar

no tx!

Question 8

(congenital malformations and anomalies)

(cognitive dysfx)

1. neurodegenerative disorder of the forebrain with gradual onset and progression
2. affects what dogs?
3. cx?
4. tx?

Answer 8

2. older dogs
3. decreased social interaction, staring, wandering, getting lost, loss of house training, altered sleep cycles
4. selegiline, modify environment, nutrition + exercise!

Question 9

(cranial nerve disorders)

(idiopathic disorders)

(trigeminal neuritis)

1. affects what age dogs?
2. Cx?
3. do corticosteroids help?

Answer 9

1. middle aged
2. inability to close the mouth and difficulty chewing food
3. NO!

Question 10

(cranial nerve disorders)

(idiopathic disorders)

(idiopathic facial paralysis or palsy)

1. cx?

Answer 10

1. unilateral facial droop, decreased tear production, inability to blink

no tx!

Question 11

(cranial nerve disorders)

(idiopathic disorders)

(canine idiopathic vestibular dz)

1. affects what?
2. cx?
3. tx?

Answer 11

1. older dogs and young adult cats
2. head tilt, circling, falling, nystagmus, anorexia
3. supportive until cx subside (usually within a few weeks)

Question 12

(cranial nerve disorders)

(hypothyroidism)

1. usually cause what signs?

Answer 12

1. vestibular signs

Question 13

(cranial nerve disorders)

(CN5 neoplasia)

1. neurofibromas or schwannomas are most common in middle aged to older dogs
2. see slow progression of temporal and masseter muscle atrophy followed by facial sensory loss is observed
3. sx is difficult, radiation therapy may slow progression

Question 14

(cranial nerve disorders)

(CN 8 neoplasia)

1. neurofibromas or meningiomas may affect CN8
2. Cx?
3. usually can’t remove the tumor

Answer 14

2. vestibular signs, horner syndrome

Question 15

(congenital sensorineural deafness)

1. caused by degeneration of what?
2. cx = unilateral or bilateral deafness in very young puppies
3. no tx!

Answer 15

1. postnatal chochlear hair cell and spiral ganglion degeneration