02 - spinal reflex examination and more!

Question 1

(spinal reflex examination)

(proprioceptive reflexes)

1. triceps reflex evaluates what?

Answer 1

1. radial nerve from C7 to T2

Question 2

(spinal reflex examination)

(proprioceptive reflexes)

1. extensor carpi radialis reflex evaluates what?

Answer 2

1. C7 to T2

Question 3

biceps reflex evaluates what?

Answer 3

the musculocutaneous nerve (from C6 to C7)

Question 4

patellar reflex tests what?

an exaggerated response suggests what?

Answer 4

femoral nerve and L4 to L6

an upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion

Question 5

cranial tibialis reflex tests what?

Answer 5

the peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve from L6 to S2

Question 6

nociceptive spinal reflexes are initiated by a painful stimulus. loss of the reflex suggests what?

Answer 6

a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion

Question 7

(nociceptive evaluation)

1. decreased pain perception can be due to lesions where?

Answer 7

1. peripheral nerve, spinal cord, brainstem, or cerebral lesion

Question 8

(CNS vs peripheral nerve dz)

1. proprioceptive deficits
2. UMN signs
3. seizure or altered conciousness
4. CN deficits and limb signs
5. CN deficits with no other signs
6. diffuse weakness, diminished reflexes, without postural deficits

Answer 8

1. CNS lesion
2. CNS lesion
3. CNS lesion
4. CNS lesion
5. peripheral nervous portion of the CN
6. peripheral nervous system

Question 9

(location of the lesion)

1. if Cx are only in limbs, the lesion is most likely where?
2. if there are CN deficits, seizures, altered consciousness, or abnormal head posture, the lesion is most likely where?

Answer 9

1. below the foramen magnum
2. above the foramen magnum

Question 10

1. changes in what 4 things can impact nervous system fxn?

Answer 10

1. blood glucose, calcium, potassium, sodium

(in addition acid-base status, uremia, hyperlipidemia, hyperammonemia, and hyperviscosity can cause)

Question 11

(diagnostic testing)

Question 12

(myelography)

1. contrast material is injected into where?

Answer 12

1. the subarachnoid space

Question 13

(CSF collection and analysis)

1. indicated when?
2. CSF analysis is contraindicated when?
3. if brain disorder suspected, collect CSF where?
4. for spinal cord disorders?

Answer 13

1. when inflammation is suspected
2. when intracranial pressure is elevated
3. cerebellomedullary cistern
4. lumbar space

Question 14

(CSF analysis)

1. CSF should normally be clear and colorless
2. CSF is turbid in inflammation
3. pink color = ?
4. yellow-orange color = ?

Answer 14

3. blood contamination
4. breakdown of hemoglobin from previous hemorrhage or severe elevation in CSF protein

Question 15

(CSF analysis - cytology)

1. suppurative meningitis (^neutrophils) indicates what?

Answer 15

1. encephalitis, meningioma, vascultits in young dogs or FIP in cats

Question 16

(CSF analysis - cytology)

1. mixed inflammation = ?

Answer 16

1. fungal, protozoal, or idiopathic encephalitis

Question 17

(CSF analysis - cytology)

1. non-suppurative inflammation = ?

Answer 17

1. immune-mediated encephalitis, rickettsial infection, some viral infections

Question 18

(CSF analysis - cytology)

1. ^ RBC may be due to contamination or trauma

Question 19

(CSF analysis - cytology)

1. protein concentration is normally low in CSF.
2. what are some disorders that increase CSF production?

Answer 19

2. encephalitis, meningitis, neoplasia, chronic neurodegenerative conditions, and trauma