01 - diagnostic approach

Question 1

1. mental status is regulated by what two parts of brain

Answer 1

1. brainstem and cerebrum

Question 2

head posture is reflective of what system?

Answer 2

vestibular system

Question 3

coordination of head movement is regulated by what?

circling is toward the diseased or non-diseased side?

Answer 3

cerebellum

diseased

Question 4

lesions where usually cause ataxia?

Answer 4

cerebellum

Question 5

cerebral lesions produce mild weakness

more pronounced weakness is caused by injury to what three things?

Answer 5

brainstem, spinal cord, or peripheral spinal nerves

Question 6

tests of postural reactions

postural deficit is on the same side as lesion in all brain areas except for what one?

Answer 6

cerebral

Question 7

(tests of postural reactions)

proprioceptive positioning -> how to test?

Answer 7

turn paw to dorsal -> animal should flip it

Question 8

(tests of postural reactions)

what is hemihopping?

Answer 8

hold limbs off ground on one side -> animal should hop

Question 9

(tests of postural reactions)

what is wheelbarrowing?

Answer 9

hold either front or hind legs off the ground -> normal animal can walk easily

Question 10

what nerves does menace response test?

Answer 10

CN 2 and CN 7

Question 11

1. PLR tests what CN?
2. lesions of CN 2 cause what?
3. lesions of CN 3 cause what?

Answer 11

1. CN2 and CN3
2. loss of constriction in both pupils when affected eye is examined
3. loss of constriction in affected eye (constriction in other eye), regardless of which eye is illuminated

Question 12

pupillary symmetry evaluates what nerves?

Answer 12

CN 3 and the sympathetic nerve to the eye

Question 13

(pupillary symmetry)

1. if CN3 is abnormal - which pupil is denervated?
2. if the sympathetic nerve is damaged, what pupil is abnormal?

Answer 13

1. the large pupil (and PLR is absent)
2. the smaller one (but PLR is normal in both eyes)

Question 14

(pupillary size reflects integrity of CN3 and sympathetic nerve)

1. large pupils can be due to what?
2. small pupils may be due to loss of what?

Answer 14

1. CN3 paralysis
2. sympathetic tone

Question 15

ocular position is determined by what 4 nerves?

Answer 15

CN3, CN4, CN6, CN8

Question 16

(ocular position)

1. injury to what CN6 causes what?
2. injury to CN3 or CN8 causes what?

Answer 16

1. medial strabismus
2. ventrolateral strabismus

Question 17

(ocular motility)

1. with a cerebral lesion, both eyes look where?
2. with a CN lesion, what will you see?

Answer 17

1. toward the diseased hemisphere
2. only one eye is involved

Question 18

(nystagmus involves involuntary eye movements)

1. vertical nystagmus suggests what?
2. horizontal nystagmus suggests what?

Answer 18

1. central vestibular dz
2. peripheral vestibular dz

Question 19

(nystagmus involves involuntary eye movements)

1. rotary nystagmus suggests what?
2. resting nystagmus suggests what?

Answer 19

1. either peripheral or central vestibular lesions
2. peripheral vestibular dz

Question 20

1. facial symmetery assesses what CN?

Answer 20

1. CN7

Question 21

1. palpebral reflex assesses what CN?

Answer 21

CN 5 and 7

Question 22

1. corneal reflex asseses what CN?

Answer 22

5 and 7

Question 23

retractor oculi reflex tests what nerves?

Answer 23

CN5 and 6 (touching the cornea should produce a retraction of the eye into the orbit normally)

Question 24

facial sensory examination tests what CN?

Answer 24

CN5

Question 25

gag reflex tests what?

Answer 25

CN9, CN10, and brainstem

Question 26

tongue atrophy indicates a lesion where?

Answer 26

brainstem or CN12