03-01: Basic Information Flashcards
Kinesiology - Definition
Study of movement - brings together Anatomy, Physiology, Physics and Geometry and relates them to human movement
Biomechanics - Definition
Mechanical principles (pulleys, levers, etc.) as it relates to the human body
Kinetics - Definition
Forces causing movement - study of motion and causes - Means to MOVE
Kinematics - Definition
Time, space and mass aspects of a moving system - Description of motion without consideration of cause - Means MOTION - Takes into account speed, vector force, direction
Linear Motion
Same distance, direction, time - system as a whole moves
Rectilinear Motion
Motion in a straight line
Curvilinear Motion
Curved line
Angular Motion
Same angle, direction, time - various components move individually - further away from axes = greater degree of movement - Emphasis on angular motion in biomechanics
Osteokinematics
Cardinal joint movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, etc.) - refers to movement of bones around joint axis
One bone moving on another under voluntary control
Arthrokinematics
Joint surface movement - what happens at joint articulating surfaces - basis of joint mobilization (have to understand natural arthrokinematic motion of joints to restore movement); “Without arthrokinematic motion, osteokinematics cannot occur.”
The way adjoining joint surfaces move on each other
Somatotypes
Three main body types:
- Endomorphs: Heavy build, wide hips, higher percentage of fat to muscle, soft, hypermobile
- Mesomorphs: Athletic, more muscle, less fat, narrow hips, thick, stiff, limited range
- Ectomorphs: Skinny, small frame, narrow, flat-chested, less muscle and fat; tall, lanky build
Center of Gravity (COG)
- Where the three cardinal planes (sagittal, frontal, tranverse) meet.
- Located anterior to S-2 (The lower the COG, the more stable we are)
- Whatever we carry always makes it part of COG
Axes
- Points that run through the center of a joint around which a part rotates (pivot point)
- Plane of motion and axis always run OPPOSITE of each other; All horizontal rotations occur around vertical axis
- Joint movement around an axis is perpendicular to its plane
Three axis points
- Sagittal: Point runs from front to back
- Frontal: Point runs from side to side
- Vertical: Point runs from top to bottom
Movements of the sagittal plane around a frontal axis
Flexion, extension
Movements of the frontal plane around a sagittal axis
Abduction, Adduction, Elevation, Depression, Inversion, Eversion, Lateral bending, Pronation, Supination, Radial Deviation, Ulnar deviation
Movements of the transverse plane around a vertical axis
Internal rotation, External rotation, Horizontal abduction, Horizontal adduction, Protraction, Retraction
Circumduction - Axis
Does not occur on a specific plane around a specific access - it is a combination of movement in the frontal and sagittal axes
Degrees of Freedom
The number of planes or axes a joint can move; pertains to synovial joints (diarthrodial)
Uniaxial joint
Angular motion around 1 axis and 1 plane (1 degree of freedom) - Ex: Elbow
Biaxial joint
Motion around 2 axes and 2 planes (two degrees of freedom) - Ex: Radiocarpal; Movement occurs in two different directions - can occur at condyloid and saddle joints
Triaxial joint
Motion occurs in all 3 axes and all 3 planes (three degrees of freedom) - Hip joint (ball-and-socket joint); Allows more motion than any other kind
Nonaxial joint
Movement is linear instead of angular - joint surfaces are flat; Glide over each other rather than around one another (no specific access or plane) - Ex: carpals, tarsals
End Feel
Quality of feel when slight pressure is applied at the end of the joint’s PROM (feeling when taking joint through PROM)
Normal End Feel
Firm (Capsular, Ligamentous, Muscular), Hard (Bony), Soft (Tissue approximation, Muscular - Stretch)
Capsular End Feel (Firm)
Firm, leatherlike limitation that has slight give (creep - can stretch a little further past end feel); Related to normal capsular restriction - normal joint motion of shoulder
Abnormal - stops midway through to normal range of motion
Ligamentous End Feel (Firm)
Firm end feel withough creep - Ex: Ankle inversion
Muscular End Feel (Firm)
Applies to muscle and tendon; Elastic, slow stretch that gives more creep than capsule - ROM will increase with time - Ex: Straight leg raise (SLR), HIp ABD)
Bony End Feel (Hard) or Hard End Feel
Hard, rigid abrupt limit to joint motion - sudden stop - Ex: Terminal elbow extension
Abnormal - abrupt stop to end feel
Tissue Approximation (Soft)
Occurs when soft tissue of body prevents motion - Ex: Normal terminal elbow flexion (Where the two areas of soft tissue meet)
Empty End Feel
Lack of mechanical limitation of joint ROM - Cannot get to end feel because of pain
Springy Block
Rebound movement felt at the end of ROM - occurs with internal derangement (damage) of joint
Muscle guarding
Reflex muscle spasm during motion - Abnormal contractile response - Protective response seen in acute injury - sometimes unconscious block of ROM
- Palpation of the muscle will reveal spasm
Abnormal cartilage
Hyaline cartilage that has been worn down - rough, grating feel - very common with arthritis in patella-femoral joint
Cog -wheeled: Painful condition where cartilage will catch and stop
Crepitus: “rice krispy” sound
Edematous or synovitis
Tissue has boggy end feel (filled with fluid); Swollen, warm joint that is painful during PROM
Convex, Concave
Vex - Curved out, Cave - Curved in
Ovoid joint
Two bones that form a convex-concave relationship - Most synovial joints are ovoid
Arthokinematic motion
What is happening IN the joint
The manner in which adjoining joint surfaces move on each other during osteokinematic joint movement
Accessory Movement
Joint motion that accompanies the movement and is essential to normal ROM and painless function - Two types: joint play, component movements
Joint Play
Joint needs external force to move outside volutional control
Component Movements
- Roll: Multiple contact points making contact with multiple points of counterpart; movement of one joint surface on another
- Glide: One contact point makes contact with multiple points of counterpart; linear movement parallel to the plane of the adjoining surface
- Spin: One contact point making contact with one contact point on counterpart; rotation of one joint on another - same point on each surface remains in contact
Convex-concave rule
Concave - Moves in the SAME direction as the body segment’s motion (glide moves in same as moving segment)
Convex - Moves in the OPPOSITE direction as the body segment’s motion (glide moves in opposite as moving segment)
Joint congruency
Joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other, are tightly compressed and difficult to separate
- Ligaments taut
- Closed-pack(ed) = greatest potential for stability
- Usually occurs at one extreme of ROM
Joint incongruency
Joint surfaces do not have maximum contact with each other and are easily separated
- Ligaments lax
- Open pack(ed) or Loose-pack(ed) = resting position, best position for joint mobilization
- Joint play demonstrated
Three accessory motion forces during joint mobilization
Traction: Tension (pressure) on joint; no joint separation
- Distraction: External forces are exerted causing joint surfaces to be pulled apart - full joint play to assist with mobility of joint; can use to increase ROM
Compression (Approximation): External force pushes joint surfaces together - promotes stability
Shear: Approximation, then glide (gliding with load); forces occur parallel to surface, resulting in glide motion at the joint
Two forces that are combination of accessory motion
Bending: Forces other than vertical force are applied; combination of forces; results in compression on Cave side and distraction on Vex side
Rotary Force: Combo of compression and shear; involves twisting
Joint Mobilization
Passive oscillatory motion or sustained stretch that is applied at a slow enough speed by an external force (accessory movements necessary)
Manipulation
Passive movement applied with very quick thrust within a short range that cannot be stopped (high velocity/low attitude)
