02.05 - Review of Lipids Flashcards
Which is not a physiologic function of lipids?
a. Coenzymes
b. Inflammatory mediators
c. Hydrophilic barrier in cell membranes
d. Major source of energy
c. Hydrophilic barrier in cell membranes
What do you the esters of fatty acids with glycerol in the solid state?
Fats
These are esters of fatty acids with glycerol in the liquid state.
Oils
__________ are esters of fatty acids with higher molecular weight monohydric alcohols.
Waxes
_____________ are esters of fatty acids with alcohol and another group.
Complex lipids
____________ are fatty acids + alcohol + phosphoric acid residue.
Phospholipids
_____________ are fatty acids + sphingosine + carbohydrates.
Glycolipids
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a. Simple lipids are esters of fatty acids with various alcohols.
b. Phospholipids frequently have N-containing groups.
c. Glycolipids are also known as glycosphingoslipids.
d. None of the above.
d. None of the above.
Which is not an example of a derived lipid?
a. Fatty acids
b. Steroids
c. Ketone bodies
d. Lipoproteins
d. Lipoproteins (Lipoproteins are complex lipids).
These are lipids that are technically long chains of carboxylic acids (-COOH).
Fatty acids
A saturated fatty acid has ________ double bonds
Zero
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Saturated fatty acids have geometric isomerism: a cis and a trans form.
b. Saturated fatty acids reduces the risk for atherosclerosis.
c. Cis fatty acids are easier to pack because of kinks and bends.
d. Monounsaturated fatty acids will not cause plaque build-up around artery walls.
d. Monounsaturated fatty acids will not cause plaque build-up around artery walls.
A very long fatty acid is expected to have:
a. Decreased fluidity
b. Decreased melting point
c. Less hydrophobic interactions
d. None of the above
a. Decreased fluidity
The melting point of a fatty acid is expected to increase with:
a. Decreasing chain length
b. Increasing fluidity
c. Increasing saturation
d. Increasing double bonds
c. Increasing saturation
A cis,cis delta-9, delta-12 fatty acid has:
a. a double bond between carbon 8 and 9
b. three double bonds
c. A and B
d. None of the above
d. None of the above
Where would you expect to find the double bond in an omega-6 fatty acid?
a. 6th carbon-oxygen bond
from the terminal methyl carbon
b. 6th carbon-carbon bond from the terminal methyl carbon
c. 6th carbon-oxygen bond from the terminal carbonyl carbon
d. 6th carbon-carbon bond from the terminal carbonyl carbon
b. 6th carbon-carbon bond from the terminal methyl carbon
Which of the following describes the fatty acid named as 18:3 (9, 12, 15)
a. It has two double bonds between carbons 3 and 18.
b. It has 18 carbons with 9 double bonds.
c. It has 18 double bonds.
d. There are two carbons between one double bond and the terminal methyl carbon.
d. There are two carbons between one double bond and the terminal methyl carbon. (C15 has a double bond; C16 and C17 are between C15 and the terminal C18.)
What is the common name of the omega-6 fatty acid?
Linoleic acid
What is the common name of the omega-3 fatty acid?
Linolenic acid
What is the most commonly synthesised fatty acid?
Palmitic acid
What is the precursor of archidonic acid?
Linoleic acid
What is the intermediary fatty acid between carbohydrates and triglycerides in lipogenesis?
Palmitic acid
What is the precursor of eicosanoids, prostaglandins and leukotrienes?
Arachidonic acid
Which of the following statements is true?
a. Linolenic acid as 18 carbons and 2 double bonds.
b. Linoleic acid can be synthesised by the body.
c. Arachidonic acid has 21 carbons and 4 double bonds.
d. Deficiency in linolenic acid can result in decreased vision and altered learning behavior.
d. Deficiency in linolenic acid can result in decreased vision and altered learning behavior.
Omega-3 and omega-6 are correlated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease because of:
a. lowered thromboxane A2 production
b. increased aggregation of platelets
c. reduced vasodilation
d. increased vasoconstriction
a. lowered thromboxane A2 production
These are esters of trihydric alcohol glycerol and fatty acids.
Triglycerides/triacylglycerols
What lipid is the main storage form of energy in the body as adipose tissues?
Triglycerides/triacylglycerols
What is the dietary precursor of eicosanoids? Immediate precursor?
Linoleic acid; arachidonic acid
What eicosanoid is synthesised in platelets and causes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation that results in cardiovascular diseases?
Thromboxane (TXA2)
________________ counteracts thromboxane by inhibiting platelet aggregation.
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
These are a mixture of leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4 that are potent constrictors of the bronchial airway musculature and is involved in inflammation.
Slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)
This eicosanoid vasodilates the ductus arterioles.
Prostaglandin E1
This eicosanoid causes fever.
Prostaglandin E2
These are amphipathic compounds composed of alcohol, diacylglycerol and phosphodiester bonds and are predominant in cell membranes.
Phospholipids
What is the most abundant phospholipid?
Phosphatidylcholine
What phospholipid plays are role in apoptosis?
Phosphatidylserine
This phospholipid is an active lipid component of lung surfactant.
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)
Inadequate levels of DPPC leads to ______________, a syndrome characterised by small alveoli with decreased surface tension.
Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome
This phospholipid is a source of secondary messengers like IP3 and DAG.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5 BP (PIP2)
When two molecules of phosphatidic acid are esterified through their phosphate groups to an additional molecule of glycerol, ___________ forms.
Cardiolipin
Which of the following is true about cardiolipin?
a. It is the only lipid that is antigenic.
b. It is only found in the mitochondria.
c. It is involved in the syphilis test.
d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
This are lipids that are part of the glycocalyx and functions in cell recognition and cell adhesion.
Glycolipids
What glycolipid is composed of sphingosine and fatty acids?
Ceramide
This glycolipid is composed of ceramide and glucose or galactose units.
Cerebroside
This glycolipid is composed of ceramide and oligosaccharide units.
Globoside
__________________ is composed of ceramide and N-acetylneuraminic acid.
Ganglioside
What glycolipid is composed of ceramide and sulphated galactose?
Sulfatides
It is a major glycosphingolipid of the brain and nervous tissue and can be converted to sulfatide present in myelin.
Galactosylceramide
Which sphingophospholipid is an important constituent of the myelin sheath of nerves?
Sphingomyelin
______________ have a cyclic nucleus resembling phenanthrene to which a cyclopentane ring is attached.
Steroids
Which of the following is false about cholesterol?
a. It is very hydrophobic, with 4 fused hydrocarbon rings and 8-membered branched hydrocarbon chain.
b. It has a single hydroxyl group located at carbon 3 in the A ring.
c. It is a precursor for cell membranes, vitamin D, sex hormones and bile salts.
d. It cannot be synthesised by the body and must be obtained from the diet.
d. It cannot be synthesised by the body and must be obtained from the diet.
True or False: No ATP can be obtained from cholesterol.
True
These are products of lipid peroxidation and may trigger chain reactions that causes tissue damage and diseases.
Oxygen free radicals
Give examples natural antioxidants.
Vitamins A, C, and E
Which of the following statements is false?
a. Formation of oxygen free radicals may be catalysed by heme compounds and leukotrienes.
b. Preventive antioxidants inhibit the propagation step in OFR synthesis.
c. Chain-breaking antioxidants specifically inhibit the termination step of OFR synthesis.
d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
Enumerate the three steps in OFR synthesis.
Initiation
Propagation
Termination
