02: Theories of Learning Flashcards
Define associationist
A group of theories related to connecting stimulus and response. These theories are often referred to as S-R theories. An individual is conditioned by stimuli which are ‘connected’ or ‘bonded’ by appropriate responses
Define reinforcement
The process that increases the probability of a behaviour occurring. Reinforcement strengthens S-R bond. Can be positive or negative.
Define positive reinforcement
The stimulus is given when the desired response occurs
Define negative reinforcement
The stimulus is withdrawn when the desired response occurs
Define punishment
Giving a stimulus to prevent a response occurring
What is operant conditioning? Who created it and when?
- an associationist view of learning
- created by Skinner in 1964
- conditioning was more effective through manipulation of behaviour rather than through modification of the stimulus
- concerned with actions being ‘shaped’ and then reinforced
Explain how idea of operant conditioning was created
- Skinner used a box with a rat inside it. If the rate hit a lever inside the box, a food pellet would be released.
- Through trial and error, the rat eventually learned that hitting lever would produce food.
When is learning faster during operant conditioning?
Learning is faster if a reward is given on every occasion- known as complete reinforcement
What are Thorndike’s laws?
- Law of exercise
- Law of effect
- Law of readiness
Describe Thorndike’s law of exercise
Repeating or rehearsing the S-R connections is more likely to strengthen them. If desired response occurs, reinforcement is necessary
Give a practical example of Thorndike’s law of exercise
If a gymnast practices a floor routine repeatedly, then S-R bonds are repeated or ‘exercised’. The more times a skill is practised the more likely a response will be bonded to a particular stimulus
Describe Thorndike’s law of effect
If response is followed by a ‘satisfier’ then the S-R bond is strengthened. If response is followed by an ‘annoyer’ then S-R bond is weakened. This means pleasant outcomes are likely to motivate performer to repeat the action
Give a practical example pf Thorndike’s law of effect
If a beginner rugby player is attempting a spin pass and is successful, then the ‘effect’ is deemed to be successful and is more likely that the player will perform the skill successfully again. If the player is unsuccessful and effect is failure- ball doesn’t go in the right direction- then the effect is one that is subsequently avoided
Describe Thorndike’s law of readiness
The performer must be physically and mentally able to complete the task effectively
Give a practical example of Thorndike’s law of readiness
A hockey player who has been drilled to perform a particular penalty flick may become predictable and demotivated by inhibition. Practice should be stopped for a while. New targets should be set.
