02: Practice Flashcards
Describe part practice
- Learning each element of the skill separately and then separate parts are brought together
What skills is part practice most effective for?
- Low organisation: can be split up into sub-routines
- Complex skills: allows performer to make sense of skill and to achieve initial success with basic movements before progressing to more complex movements
- Dangerous skills
Give an example of part practice
Practising the tennis serve, you might practise back swing first before striking the ball.
Describe whole practice
Skill is taught without breaking it down into sub-routines or parts
Advantages of whole practice?
- Player experiences the true ‘feel’ or kinaesthetic sense
- Transfer to real-life situation is likely to be positive
- Execute skill fluently and appreciate the relationship between each part of movement
- Useful for rapid or ballistic movements
Give an example of a skill that should use whole practice
Golf swing as each part of the swing closely interacts with the next
Describe whole-part-whole practice
Involves performer firstly attempting whole skill, then practising skill in parts or sub-routines and then putting them together again as a whole
What skills is whole-part-whole practice useful for?
- Low organisation
- Serial skills
- Such as triple jump or basketball lay-up shot
Advantages of whole-part-whole practice?
- Recognises strengths and weaknesses
- Construct separate practices that either correct errors or reinforce correct movements
- Performer will get the ‘feel’ or fluency of the skill to start with to appreciates the kinesthesis involved
Practical example of whole-part-whole practice?
A basketball coach allows beginner to try a complete lay-up shot. Then reflects on the attempts and receives feedback. The coach isolates run-up and take-off as separate parts. Practice them separately before putting them together once more.
Describe progressive-part practice
Often referred to as chaining. A serial skill is broken down into sub-routines and performer learns one link at a time, then a second link. The two links are then practised together together, and then a third link and then further links until the links can be practised together as a whole.
Practical example of progressive-part practice?
In breaststroke swimming, leg action is a separate movement to arm action. The two aspects of swimming stroke can then be brought together once learned so that attention by learner can be given.
Describe massed practice
Practice that involves very short, or no, rest intervals within the practice session.
Continuous practice period
Describe distributed practice
Involves relatively long rests between trials. Rest intervals could involve tasks that are unrelated to the main practice activity
Describe fixed practice
- Involves a stable and predictable practice environment with practice conditions remaining unchanging or fixed
- Suitable for closed skills
- Involves habitual movements to be learned effectively
Describe varied practice
- Practice with a range of experiences
- Closely resemble the ‘true life’ situation
Practice used for gross and fine skills?
Gross:
- building of strength in muscles
- repetition
- consistent memory trace to become automatic
Fine:
- repetition
- mental rehearsal
Practice used for open and closed skills?
Open:
- variety of experiences should be experienced
Closed:
- practised repeatedly to become automatic
- constancy makes varied practice unnecessary and can often be distracting
