01 The Emergence of Civilization

Question 1

history

Answer 1

record of events since people first developed writing about 5000 years ago

Question 2

prehistory

Answer 2

the period of time before people kept written records

Question 3

civilizations

Answer 3

highly organized societies with complex institutions and attitudes that link a large number of people together

Question 4

anthropologists

Answer 4

scientists who study the skeletal remains of early humanlike creatures and humans to determine how they looked and lived

Question 5

hominids

Answer 5

humans and the humanlike creatures who lived on Earth before modern humans

Question 6

archaelogists

Answer 6

scientists who excavate ancient settlements to study material objects made by human beings

Question 7

artifacts

Answer 7

human-made material objects including tools, weapons, and coins

Question 8

culture

Answer 8

what humans develop by living together–language, knowledge, skills, art, literature, and ways of life

Question 9

radiocarbon dating

Answer 9

technique that measures the age of organic matter

Question 10

glaciers

Answer 10

large, slowly moving masses of snow and ice

Question 11

Ice Age

Answer 11

collective term for four time periods in the past 1.7 million years of Earth’s history during which a polar icecap covered much of the Northern Hemisphere

Question 12

agriculture

Answer 12

the raising of crops for food

Question 13

nomads

Answer 13

wanderers who travel from place to place in search of food

Question 14

domestication

Answer 14

taming animals for a source of milk and meat

Question 15

Neolithic Revolution

Answer 15

shift from food gathering to food production

Question 16

division of labor

Answer 16

different people perform different tasks

Question 17

irrigation

Answer 17

using ditches and canals to supply water for crops

Question 18

artisans

Answer 18

skilled craftspeople

Question 19

cultural diffusion

Answer 19

spread of culture from one area of the the world to another

Question 20

Tigris River

Answer 20

one of two rivers that run through Mesopotamia

Question 21

Euphrates River

Answer 21

one of two rivers that run through Mesopotamia