Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Spring '14 SPHP 127 > 01 Embryology dev/fertilization > Flashcards

01 Embryology dev/fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

Embryo is what time period?

A

Fertilization to 9 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fetus is what time period?

A

9 weeks to birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neonate is what time period?

A

birth to 1 month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Infant is what time period?

A

1 month to 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cleft palate issues are primarily what?

A

cosmetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The 2nd largest effect of cleft palate is?

A

Speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Meiosis is a specialized process of what?

A

cell division, because it results in a split/division of chromosomal material

the process of cell division that leads to a sperm or a egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Meiosis results in a __________ number

A

haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A gamete is what type of cell?

A

sexual germ cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does the haploid number mean?

A

it’s division of half, 23 pairs (46 chromosomes in every cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the developmental timeline?

A

zygote –> blastomere –> morula –> blastocyst –> gastrulation –> embryonic disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a zygote?

A

it is a one simple nucleated cell (46 chromosomes)
it forms during the first 24 hours
sperm meets egg (gametes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a blastomere?

A

once the cell makes it’s first division
continues for 72 hours (it is not cell differentiated)
biggest of the 2 cells divide into 3, and so on
continues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Meiosis creates _____ –> _____ create the zygotes –> and from here on out cell division is going to be mitosis

A

gametes; gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is mitosis?

A
  • Regular/basic cellular division that creates another cell exactly like it
  • It takes place in every cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the complicated process of cell division can be broken into two major categories

A

segmentation and cell differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Segmentation is what?

A
  • Once cell divides, and makes another cell just like it
  • Duplication of the chromosomes and the division of cytoplasm
  • Process continues throughout the lifespan of any organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are examples of segmentation?

A
  • Blastomere

- Morula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The morula forms when?

A
  • after 72 hours
  • it floats in the fluid of the uterus
  • It does not have a wrapping yet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A
  • Programmed to differentiate and divide the chromosome

- so the chromosomal content of a cell is the map that change the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When does cell differentiation begin to occur?

A

between 3-6 days when the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

it develops at roughly 6 days

it also develops 1. Trophoblast 2. Inner cell mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What the trophoblast?

A
  • the wrapping

- This is due to cell differentiation in the blastomere itself—the wrapping comes from the organism not the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

later, the trophoblast becomes what? and the inner cell becomes what?

A
  • the trophoblast becomes the umbilical chord and placenta

- the inner cell mass becomes the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

After the blastocyst forms the trophoblast and inner cell mass what happens next? what day does it happen?

A

Gastrulation and it occurs between the 9th and 10th day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens in gastrulation? Why is it important?

A

This is when the inner cell mass turns inside out
If gastrulation fails a mother will have a miscarriage
Lots of cell differentiation occurs and is much more susceptible to damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

At about 12 days what happens?

A

The embryonic disc forms, it is an organized group of cells

28
Q

In the embryonic disc this is the first time the organized differentiation = tissues. What are the three tissue layers?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
29
Q

What does the ectoderm form?

A

Outerlayer of inner cell mass that contacts air (skin hair, teeth) AND the nervous system (both peripheral and central)

everything that communicates with the environment

30
Q

What does the mesoderm form?

A

creates the connective tissues of the body; the structural element—bones, cartilage, and blood vessels)

31
Q

What does the endoderm form?

A

the inner skin that lines the digestive tract, thoracic cavity,

32
Q

Organs are tend to be a cross section of what two layers?

A

Endoderm and mesoderm

33
Q

chromosome–>_______–> DNA –> ______

A

genes; nucleotide pairs

34
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

they are made up of genes
they are different in size and shape
you HAVE to get this order right because they hod the genes!

35
Q

What are genes?

A
  • A region of DNA that controls a hereditary characteristics
  • It corresponds to a sequence used in a production of a specific protein or RNA
  • blue print for our behaviors and physical characteristics
36
Q

What is the function of the genes?

A

genes carry a trait and some are switches that turn it on or off

37
Q

DNA

A

They are made up of Nucleotide Pairs

38
Q

Nucleotide Pairs

A
  • A set number and order that makes up a specific strand of DNA
  • Highly regulated pairs
39
Q

What are the 4 amino acids in a nucleotide pairs

A
  • Thymine
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
40
Q

In a nucleutide pair what goes with what?

A

T and A ; G and C

41
Q

Nucleotide pairs make the codes that provide instruction for what?

A
  • shape/form: your physical appearance and function

- Code for behavior, outward appearance, etc.

42
Q

Genetic instruction govern _______

A

function

  • these strands that make up the genes that code the function for an organism
  • Ex. Brain function = too much dopamine, adrenaline, hormones etc.that regulate your personality or digestive system
43
Q

What is the karyotype

A

it is a a picture of someone’s chromosomes–different pairs

44
Q

Autosomes are the first _______ pairs

A

22 different pairs–many disorders originate here

45
Q

Sex chromosomes are

A

the last pair

46
Q

what is the waist of a chromosome called? the long arm? the short arm ?

A

Centromere
long arm: q
short arm: p

47
Q

Chromosome _____ has the most genes and chromosome_____ has the least # of genes

A

1 vs. y
which is why most disorders are linked to boys because is the information is missing, it’s really missing there’s not back up like two x’s for girls

48
Q

Genes appear as bands on the chromosomes the

dark band shows what in comparison to light bands

A

dark band: high concentration of genes

light band: low concentration of genes

49
Q

What is a anomoly?

A

there’s a difference

50
Q

what is a syndrome?

A

a single cause, with multiple constellation of symptoms that trace bak to a single cause

51
Q

What is a sequence error?

A

When one anomaly is due to another anomaly
it’s a chain of events
ex. pierre robant sequence

52
Q

T/F during continued growth of the embryo the pieces are already in place for normal or abnormal development

A

True

53
Q

Mutation is what?

A

an error in replication
it is In the duplication of the chromosomal genetic material = mutation
It can happen anywhere in the process of utero development and across all aspects of cell function
a mutation in early process of development is devastating

54
Q

What are the various types of mutation?

A

Spontaneous: the parents are normal but offspring is not (most common)
inherited factor: one of the parents are normal, but the other isn’t so offspring will inherit it
Teratogen: mutation due to poison or disease

55
Q

Name the typical mutations at a chromosomal level

A
  1. Monosomy
  2. Trisomy
  3. Deletion
  4. Inversion
  5. Translocation
  6. Dysmorphology
56
Q

what is monosomy vs. trisomy

A

Monosomy: one of the chromosomal pairs will not be a pair (so only 22 pairs will be present)
Trisomy: the chromosome pair is present but they have an extra copy of one of the chromosomes (ex. downs)

57
Q

what is deletion vs. inversion

A

deletion: the chromosome pair is present but on one of the chromosomes has a genetic deletion
(Note: deletions can have sone or no effects)

Inversion: the genetic the material is there but it is turned 180 degrees around (it is rendered useless because order and number are wrong

58
Q

what is translocation? and what types of variable expression does it have?

A

A piece of information that is not on the correct gene, it’s some place else

it has variable expression:

  1. phenotype-
  2. genotype-the construction of the chromosome
59
Q

T/F The exact same mutation in two people does not have the same results

A

True

60
Q

What is incomplete penetration

A

There is an individual carrying the gene for the condition but no expression of the gene in the phenotype

61
Q

what is dysmorphology?

A

it’s the wrong shame of the gene
this is expression in the genotype and phenotype

It has nothing to do with the genetics of the parents it’s just that something looks wrong

62
Q

What is autosomal dominance vs recessive genes

A

Dominant: The abnormality can be carried on; and it most cases it is. The normal donor does not override the abnormal gene
Recessive: does not show up in the offspring unless both parents carry the traits

63
Q

What is x-linked vs. multifactorial?

A

x linked are carried by the moms (ex. fragile x syndrome)

multifactorial: Some interaction between the chromosomal genetic function and the environment

64
Q

In a chromosome analysis you are looking at what?

A
  • Looking at karyotype and make up of genes
  • Find a piece of a gene that is missing, inverted, etc. from the chromosomal pair
  • These different proteins will attract or reflect exposure to different chemicals
65
Q

Clefting can be ______ or ________

A

spontaneous mutation or part of a syndrome

66
Q

Describe Spontaneous mutation of clefting

A
  • Usually caused by mutated genes, not very often an inherited factor
  • The chance of transmitting the gene (IF I carry the gene) to the child is only 5% more than a normal
67
Q

Describe syndromic clefting

A

This will be passed along if part of a craniofacial syndrome
More information is tampered with, it’s more complication

Spring '14 SPHP 127 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions