01. Chemical, Cellular, Tissue Organisation & The Integumentary System

Question 1

Which are the 3 most important
macromolecules in the cells?

Answer 1

RNA
DNA
Protein

Question 2

What is the primary function of DNA, RNA and Protein?

Answer 2

DNA is a polymer of nucleic acids that stores information coded by specific base pairing.
RNA is a polymer of nucleic acids that converts DNA into a usable format by the cell (Protein). Proteins are polymers of amino acids that form biomolecules with diverse functions.

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

Question 3

På vilka sätt kan ämnen transporteras över cellmembranet?

Answer 3

1. Diffusion: små oladdade molekyler (ex. O2, CO2, H2O) via koncentrationsgradienten.
2. Passiv transport: Större molekyler (ex. glukos) + laddade joner via proteinkanaler längs koncentrationsgrad.
3. Aktiv transport: Likt passiv men mot koncentrationsgrad, vilket gör att de behöver ATP.

Question 4

Produce histamine as part of the immune response. Can become over sensitive in cases of allergies.

Answer 4

Mast Cells

Question 5

Large cell that eats potential invaders or parts of dead or dying cells.

Answer 5

Macrophages

Question 6

Part of the adaptive immune system.

Answer 6

Plasma Cells

Question 7

Which of the following cellular connections is not between two neighboring cells?
a. Hemidesmosome
b. Gap Junction
c. Adherens Junction
d. Tight Junctions
e. Desmosome

Answer 7

a. Hemidesmosome.
Related to Desmosomes but does not connect neighboring cells. The Hemidesmosome connxts a cell to the Basement Membrane. Have a similar plaque structure on the inner plasma membrane but the attachment proteins are Integrins and not Cadherins.

Question 8

Which of the following forms a ‘‘water tight’’ connection between cells?
a. Tight Junctions
b. Desmosome
c. Hemidesmosomes
d. Gap Junction

Answer 8

a. Tight Junctions
Glycoproteins called occludins and claudins create tight junctions between cells. Very prominent in organs that contain liquids.

Question 9

Which organelle (in addition to the nucleus) has their own genome?

Answer 9

Mitochondria

The mitochondria is a double membrane organelle responsible for the majority of energy production in the cell. It contains a small genome. Endosymbiotic theory suggests that our mitochondria was once a living bacteria that was engulfed by our ancestor cell. It retained a portion of its DNA genome and continues to make some of its own proteins. However the majority of mitochondria proteins are encoded in the nucleus.

Question 10

itochondria generate the majority of energy in the cell. One of the main chemical reactions that mitochondria catalyze is…

Answer 10

the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to give carbon dioxide, water and energy.

Glucose + O2 –> Energy + CO2 + H2O

Question 11

Lysosom

Answer 11

Organell som bryter ner molekyler som kommit in i cellen.

Question 12

Which of the following statements are true about the Plasma Membrane?

a. Cholesterol is not an important part of the plasma membrane.
b. The plasma membrane is composed of amphipathic molecules.
c. The plasma membrane is impermeable to all molecules
d. The plasma membrane is composed of phospholipids.

Answer 12

b.The plasma membrane is composed of amphipathic molecules.
Amphipathic means ‘‘dual properties’’ ie both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

Question 13

Golgiapparaten

Answer 13

Sorterar och packar proteiner som bildats i det korniga endoplasmatiska nätverket.

Question 14

In what part of a cell would you find most of a cell’s genetic material?

Answer 14

Nucleus

Question 15

The cytoplasm of a cell is made up of…

Answer 15

the cytosol and organelles

Question 16

Which membrane proteins are involved with the transport of molecules that otherwise would be unable to enter the cell?

Answer 16

carrier proteins

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the basic structure of the plasma membrane?
a. glycocalyx
b. selective permability
c. phospholipids
d. glycoproteins
e. Lipid bilayer

Answer 17

e. Lipid bilayer

Question 18

Pseudostratified epithelial cells are defined by their organization. The defining characteristic of pseudostratified epithelial cells is…

Answer 18

All cells are attached to the basement membrane but only some cells reach the apical surface.

Question 19

Which of the following is correct about Epithelial Tissues.

a. Exocrine Epithelial glands secrete substances directly into blood circulation.
b. Epithelial Tissue tends to be tightly packed.
c. Epithelial Tissue can be classified as Covering & Lining or Glandular.
d. Epithelial Tissue has a lot of vascularization and blood vessels.
e. The main role of Epithelial Tissue is as a support network.

Answer 19

c. Epithelial Tissue can be classified as Covering & Lining or Glandular.

Depending on the role, some epithelial acts as a barrier, glandular epithelial is involved in the secretion of substances such as hormones.

Question 20

Name the 3 types of Epithelial Membranes

Answer 20

Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous

Question 21

The major energy molecule in the cell is
a. ATP
b. Lipids
c. Carbohydrates
d. Protein

Answer 21

ATP

This is a mean question since lipids, carbohydrates and proteins are an energy source! But the main energy molecule (currency) of the cell is ATP. ATP contains a Triphosphate group which contains a high energy electron. When the bond between the terminal phosphate is broken the electron drops down to a lower energy state releasing energy that can be used to power enzymatic reactions.

Question 22

Mitochondria are unusual for organelles since

Answer 22

The have a DNA genome

Question 23

The epidermis is an example of a vascular tissue (True/False)?

Answer 23

False

The epidermis is an example of an avascular tissue (no blood vessels). The nutrient and oxygen required is supplied by the dermis. Consider that the main function of the epidermis is as a barrier, it make sense that it would be avascular (otherwise pathogens that break into the epidermis would have easy access to the body).

Question 24

Vad består cellmembranet av?

Answer 24

Bubbla lager fosfolipider med hydrofilt huvud (vattenlösande) och hydrofob (fettlösande) svans.

Question 25

Tight Junction

Answer 25

• Tät sammanfogning mellan celler som gör att ingen väska kan trängas igenom.
• Finns i organ som innehåller vätska ex magsen och urinblåsan.
• IBS: oeffektiva tight junctions => bakterier och mat läcker igenom => reaktion

Question 26

Adherens Junction

Answer 26

Cellernas bälte.
Epitelceller.

Question 27

Gap Junction

Answer 27

Gör att joner kan passera. Kanaler: rörformiga connexoner.

Question 28

Desmosome vs hemidesmosome

Answer 28

Desmosome förbinder inilliggande celler.
Hemidesmosome förbinder celler till basalmembranet.

Question 29

Nukleus (Cellkärnan)

Answer 29

• Skydda cellens arvsmassa.
• Underlätta RNA produktion
• Innehåller DNA i form av kromosomer.
• Enzymer för replikation (celldelning) och reparation av DNA samt RNA-transkription.

Question 30

Cytoskelettet (cellskelettet)

Answer 30

Organell som bildar trådformat nät av proteiner, ger cellen struktur och form.

Question 31

Peroxisom

Answer 31

Organell som bryter ner fettsyror och giftiga ämen.