0006 The U.S. as a World Power (SMR 2.6) Flashcards
How did the Monroe Doctrine change between the early 19th century and the early 20th century?
The Monroe Doctrine was the idea that no European power is allowed to control territories in the Western Hemisphere, expressed by James Monroe in early 19th Century but was too ambitious at the time because US wasn’t necessarily powerful enough yet, with the growing power of the US in the late half of the 19th century and the booming economics due to railroads and domestication of raw material, and expansive foreign trade, US is now able to show power and leaders rise up to do this like Theodore Roosevelt
What was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine that was integrated in the late 19th century/ early 20th century?
The Roosevelt Corollary
What was the Roosevelt Corollary?
An idea by Theodore Roosevelt that acquiring overseas bases was the only way for the US power to prevail, states that US will intervene in conflicts between any European claims on Latin American land for economic or political debt
What led to the 1868 Alaska Purchase?
the Russians wanted to get rid of it and make a profit before some other power like Britain would come and overtake it
Who purchased Alaska and how much did they pay for it?
bought in 1868 by Secretary of State William Seward, paid 2 cents per acre which paid for itself during the Klondike gold strike and discovery of oil in early 20th century
What countries did the US have conflicts with in the 1890’s over their presence in Latin America (3)? Why was there conflict?
Britain
Germany
Spain
Conflict because their presence challenged the Monroe Doctrine
What was the Venezuela Crises? Why were they important?
There were two of them, one in 1895 and one in 1902. Ultimately they were arguments between Britain and Venezuela over land in Latin America. Important because after this, President Cleveland steps in to arbitrate and extends Monroe Doctrine to forbid European influence in Latin America
What President extended the Monroe Doctrine and why?
After the Venezuela Crisis, President Cleveland cites Monroe Doctrine to get involved in any western hemisphere colonial matter, and extends Monroe Doctrine to forbid European influence on free Latin American countries
What was the reason for the 1893 overthrow of Hawaii?
occurred because of the Roosevelt Corollary that wanted overseas bases, wanted Hawaii as a way to have power in the pacific, wanted a mid-pacific Naval base, and they had American born settlers there already
After the 1893 overthrow of Hawaii, when did Hawaii become annexed to the USA?
1898
Why was the Spanish American War important for America?
The win of the Spanish American War solidifies the US as a global power at the start of the 20th Century
What earlier war would end up leading to the Spanish American War?
The 1895 Cuban War of Independence
What was the Cuban War of Independence?
Brutal suppression of Cuba by Spain as they fought for their independence.
What was America’s involvement in the Cuban War of Independence?
The war was featured in US newspapers by Hearst & Pulitzer who used yellow journalism to drive public opinion urging a war with Spain through hyperbolic headlines & Democratic Party support,
In reality, we wanted to go to war with Spain for economic reasons and this was a way to create public fervor
What event occurred on February 15, 1898 that led to the Spanish American War?
Sinking of U.S.S Maine by the “Spanish” in the Havana Harbor: “Remember the Maine”
Why was the Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana controversial?
speculation as to whether this was an inside job by those who wanted war with Spain or if it was actually done by Spanish, leads to war
What happened after the Sinking of U.S.S. Maine in Havana’s Harbor?
Pres McKinley asks congress to declare war on Spain - President has executive power to go to war with any country for 90 days but in order for the war to continue, congress needs to ratify it and declare war, not the president
What amendment did Congress add in order to complete the declaration of war on the Spanish that Mckinley wanted?
Teller Amendment
What was the Teller Amendment?
An amendment congress made in order to go to war with Spain in the Spanish American War, stated that US will not annex Cuba
What was the first attack in the Spanish American War?
1 May 1898: Battle of Manila Bay
What occurred at the 1 May 1898: Battle of Manila Bay?
first attack in the Spanish American War, US sends over Navy to attack the Philippines (a Spanish colony); US Succeeds and builds more public opinion in support
When the US Army invaded _____ during the Spanish American War, they found themselves _______. As a result, __________ sent in the _____.
Cuba / outnumbers / Teddy Roosevelt / Rough Riders
Who were Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders?
Cowboys and Black regiments organized by Roosevelt. They stepped in during invasion in Cuba and charged up San Juan Hill which put the Spanish in a tight position
Why was the Battle at San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War important?
It was a pivotal moment because it gave Hearst & Pulitzer a positive story that influenced American support of war
What occurred at the December 10, 1898 Treaty of Paris?
US gains an imperial empire and receives Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico (becomes foundations of the bases mentioned in the Roosevelt Corollary); Cuba gains independence and Spain receives $20 million
How did the Spanish American War end?
With the December 1898 Treaty of Paris
What was the big debate over surrounding imperialist policies in the late 19th/early 20th century?
The potential annexation of the Phillipines after the Spanish American War
What were the two arguments in favor of annexing the Phillipines?
- US had a moral obligation to “Christianize and civilize Filipinos
- Teach Filipinos how to rule themselves with democracy
Why was it nearly impossible for Filipinos to rule with Democracy?
They didn’t know how to do this because of former Monarchy Spanish rule
What were the three arguments against annexing the Phillipines
- Annexation violated Declaration of Independence by denying them their own right of self-government
- US should settle race relations at home first
- Filipino immigrants would come over and compete for American jobs which would be unfair
Did the senate end up voting to annex the Philippines?
Yes they did, in 1899 but the Philippines would end up receiving their independence after WWII in 1946
What happened as a result of the annexation of the Philippines in 1899?
Filipino nationalists waged guerilla war against US in response
What was Teddy Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” diplomacy?
“Speak softly and carry a big stick”, the idea that you should negotiate peacefully but also have strength (militarily and diplomatically) in case things go wrong
Once the US wins the Spanish American War, they are seen as a global power which leads to foreign policy. What were some of these foreign policies?
- Monroe Doctrine and expansion of it through Roosevelt Corollary
- Open Door Policy
- Dollar Diplomacy
- Missionary (Moral) Diplomacy
