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CSET Social Science Subtest #2 > 0004 Civil War and Reconstruction (SMR 2.4) > Flashcards

0004 Civil War and Reconstruction (SMR 2.4) Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the strengths of the Union during the Civil War? (4)

A
  1. Greater population/manpower
  2. Manufactured goods to equip union soldiers
  3. Greater food production
  4. Extensive Railroad and Waterway system for troops & communication
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2
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Union during the Civil War? (2)

A
  1. Lacked strong military leadership

2. Motivation to fight was abstract & occasionally contentious (i.e. 1863 NY Race Riots)

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3
Q

What were the 1863 NY Race Riots?

A

an eruption of violence in Manhattan both about the draft (and the fact that rich people could buy their way out of the draft) as well as concern about African Americans taking their jobs because of the Emancipation Proclamation (showed a weakness in the Union)

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4
Q

Why was there a greater population in the Union than in the Confederacy?

A

many people flocked to the north because that was where the jobs were (slaves held most of the jobs in the south)

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5
Q

Why did the Union lack strong military leadership?

A

upper classes in North had other professional options (bankers, lawyers, doctors, etc.) meant that upper classes didn’t take part in traditional military or politics

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6
Q

What were the strengths of the Confederacy during the Civil War? (3)

A
  1. Excellent generals
  2. Highly motivated soldiers as their way of life was being threatened
  3. Desirable cash crops that made Britain and France inclined to assist for trade reasons
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7
Q

Why did the Confederacy have excellent generals?

A

Culture of Plantocracy drives upper class to the military, tradition of aristocracy is to get wealthy from the land and then to fight / be warriors, the trend was for sons of plantation owners to enlist in the army/navy until they inherited the plantation

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8
Q

Why did the generals in the Confederacy threaten the Union?

A

Because many of the US military and political leaders in the Confederacy used to be part of the US military and therefore had a lot of intel (i.e Robert E. Lee)

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9
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Confederacy during the Civil War? (4)

A
  1. Lack of modernized economy (though Jefferson Davis tried)
  2. Strong economy ONLY in one sector (cash crops)
  3. Don’t manufacture weapons and guns so there are less available
  4. Much smaller white population to fight
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10
Q

Why was the April 12, 1861 Battle of Fort Sumter important during the civil war?

A

It was the first battle of the Civil War

If was one of the few harbors for trade in the South making it geopolitcally important

It was federal property that was conquered by Confederate General Beauregard

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11
Q

What Confederate General successfully conquered at the Battle of Fort Sumter?

A

Confederate General Beauregard (many generals had federal knowledge because they used to fight for the US military which gives them an advantage)

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12
Q

Why was the July 21, 1861 The First Battle of Bull Run important during the Civil War?

A

Entry of Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson (important because he is the best strategist in the whole war, knows how to demoralize the other side), showcases how confederate side had better commanding officers, confederates are generally winning and eats away at the Union army; confederates win

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13
Q

Who was Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson?

A

One of the best Confederate strategists in the whole war, he knew how to demoralize the Union, showed strength at the First Battle of Bull Run

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14
Q

Why was the September 17, 1862 Battle of Antietam important in the Civil War? (3)

A
  1. The Bloodiest Battle in American History (22k casualties)
  2. Robert E. Lee is defeated and has to retreat
  3. Loss of hope for Confederate states to get recognition and support from the European powers
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15
Q

Why was the June 1863 Battle of Gettysburg important?

A

Robert E. Lee wanted to invade north (Pennsylvania) & end the war but General Meade from the Union defeats Lee

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16
Q

Why was it important that the North blockaded the coast in 1864 during the Civil War? (2)

A
  1. It hurts the South b/c trade was how they were getting the weapons they needed to fight, and can’t sell their cotton/tobacco
  2. Union now controls the Mississippi and splits the Confederacy in half landwise
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17
Q

What event during the Civil War renewed the war effort and allowed William Tecumseh Sherman to invade Georgia?

A

President Lincoln’s re-election in 1864

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18
Q

Who invaded Georgia with a scorched earth policy?

A

William Tecumseh Sherman

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19
Q

What is the scorched earth policy?

A

A military strategy that aims to destroy everything and anything that might be useful to an enemy when retreating from a position. Implemented by William Tecumseh Sherman during the Civil War

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20
Q

What city in Georgia was spared from William Tecumseh Sherman’s scorched earth strategy?

A

Savannah

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21
Q

On April 3, 1865, the fall of ______ forced the Confederacy to retreat

A

Richmond, VA (capital city of Confederacy)

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22
Q

What important event during the civil war happened on April 9, 1865 that almost ended the war?

A

Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant, surrendering nearly 50% of the confederate forces

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23
Q

Who killed President Lincoln?

A

John Wilkes Booth on April 15, 1865

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24
Q

What were some of the main battles of the Civil War? (4)

A
  1. The Battle of Fort Sumter
  2. The First Battle of Bull Run
  3. The Battle of Antietam
  4. The Battle of Gettysburg
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25
Q

What changes in the attitudes of slavery lead to the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863?

A

Before this the war was not necessarily about slavery and politicians in the north were taking a middle road approach to the issue because certain northern states like New York relied on Southern States for trade, etc. BUT around 1863, Lincoln starts to realize that abolitionists can help the movement

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26
Q

What document and speech came about in 1863 that served as a turning point in the civil war?

A

The Emancipation Proclamation in Jan 1863 and The Gettysburg Address in November 1863

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27
Q

What did the Emancipation Proclamation serve to do and why was this controversial?

A

It was meant to free slaves in the Confederate States but the Union had no authority to do this therefore it was virtually ineffective

BUT it did change the purpose of the war to one about slavery and it would later lead to the 13th amendment

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28
Q

What was the Gettysburg Address?

A

A speech given by President Lincoln in November 1863 that defined the war as one realizing the ideals of the constitution and equality for all citizens.

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29
Q

Why was the Gettysburg address important?

A

Because by calling for equality he essentially claims that all slaves will be free and that this is a war against slavery

When the slaves are freed they will be viewed as citizens and protected by the constitution

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30
Q

What was the impact of the war on the Union? (3)

A
  1. Demand for war related goods spurred manufacturing, economy comes back after the war stronger than ever

2 Standard of living decreased for many who had served in the war because of the draft of 1963

  1. Tremendous increase in power of central govt
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31
Q

What was the impact of the war on the Confederacy? (4)

A
  1. Enormous inflation as they tried to have their own currency
  2. Conscription & poverty: men being drafted to fight in the war and families being left behind to fend for themselves
  3. Increase in class tension
  4. Much of Southern industry and farmland destroyed by Union soldiers
32
Q

How many people died (on both sides) in the Civil War?

A

500,000

33
Q

What three major questions were there surrounding Reconstruction at the end of the war?

A
  1. Under what conditions would the Southern states be readmitted to the Union?
  2. What would be the status of blacks in the reunited nations?
  3. What should be done with the confederate rebels?
34
Q

What three things was Reconstruction meant to do between 1865-1877?

A
  1. Readmitting the Southern states that had seceded from the Union
  2. Physically reconstructing and rebuilding Southern towns and property destroyed during the war
  3. Integrating newly freed blacks into American society
35
Q

After the war, there were two main reconstruction plan’s proposed. Who made them?

A

Lincoln made the 10 Percent Plan and Johnson made his own plan after Lincoln’s death

36
Q

What was President Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction after the Civil War?

A
  • 10 Percent Plan
  • No intention of punishing the South; reunite the national painlessly and quickly
  • Required that 10 percent of those voters from the 1860 election:
    Swear an oath of allegiance to the US
  • Accept emancipation of slaves through the 13th amendment
37
Q

Why was President Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan for Reconstruction never implemented?

A

Lincoln is assassinated in the last year of the war and his successor, Johnson, has a different plan

38
Q

Who had a harsher reconstruction plan; Johnson or Lincoln?

A

Johnson, Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan was much more lenient

39
Q

What was President Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction?

A
  • Provisional military governments run by federal govt to run Southern states until Southerners swore allegiance (obviously the South was not happy with this)
  • All Southerners must swear a loyalty oath to US to gain amnesty
  • Many of former southern elite prohibited from taking oath, participating in new govt (like Robert E. Lee)
  • States must write new state constitutions eliminating slavery (but not necessarily giving blacks the right to vote)
40
Q

Did Johnson’s reconstruction plan work? If not, what three things happened instead?

A

No, it failed

  1. Many southern elite were pardoned and regained former positions in govt, and steered govt essentially in the same direction
  2. New state constitutions were only slight revisions of previous ones, none immediately recognized independence or equality of former slaves
  3. Harsh treatment of African Americans continued
41
Q

What resulted after Johnson’s Reconstruction plan failed?

A

The Black Codes

42
Q

What were the Black Codes?

A

State initiated laws that limited the job opportunities for African Americans to plantation work and kept blacks from voting

43
Q

Who were considered “Radical Republicans”

A

The republicans in control of congress during the Civil War who created their own plan for Reconstruction

44
Q

What brought about the Congressional (aka Radical) Reconstruction

A

Radical Republicans were dissatisfied with President Johnson’s plan and thougth it was too lenient / wanted to make South pay for what it had done

45
Q

What did the Radical Republicans aim to accomplish with their Congressional Reconstruction?

A
  • Extend the Democracy in the South and have more direct elections (believed that with blacks having the right to vote, they would vote republican)
  • Punish the South for seceding
46
Q

What bills did congress put forward to give equal rights to blacks during Congressional Reconstruction?

A

Freedman’s Bureau Bill & Civil Rights Bill

47
Q

What was the Civil Rights Bill of 1866?

A

first US federal law to define citizenship for blacks and whites

48
Q

What was President Johnson’s response to the bills brought forward in Congressional Reconstruction?

A

He vetoed them

49
Q

What made the Civil Rights Bill and Freedman’s Bureau Bill finally go into law?

A

The 14th Amendment of 1867

50
Q

What was the 14th Amendment?

A

Gave full citizenship, due process, and equal protection of the law for former slaves, brought forward in Congressional Reconstruction

51
Q

If the 14th Amendment was not ratified, what would have been the result?

A

If the 14th amendment is not ratified, the house of reps would have been diminished b/c majority of population are slaves in the South

52
Q

What act did congress put into effect to help the 14th amendment become ratified?

A

The Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

53
Q

What was the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867?

A
  1. Imposed Martial Law on the South (brought military governance)
  2. Required ratification of the 14th Amendment in order to become a state again
54
Q

What was Johnson’s reaction to the Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction plan?

A

Thought it would cause resentment in the South and that it was too much strong-arming, also believed it was against what Lincoln had envisioned, fought against congress on this as much as possible, leading to his impeachment

55
Q

In 1868, President _______ was impeached on ___ counts. Why?

A

Johnson / 11

mostly related to his attempts at removing officials appointed to carry out the Reconstruction

56
Q

What was one of the ways that Johnson attempted to stop the Congressional Reconstruction?

A

He fired Edwin Stanton who was Secretary of War so that he could try to stop Reconstruction

57
Q

What were the two results of Johnson’s attempted impeached?

A
  1. The continuation of the Reconstruction with the 15th Amendment
  2. Reminder that Congress and Office of the President were equal
58
Q

What was the 15th Amendment of 1869?

A

Required states to enfranchise black man, condition of reentry for Southern States, gives black men the right to vote (important because the Union believed in slaves could vote, the Republican party would stay in power)

59
Q

Who was Andrew Johnson?

A

the successor of Lincoln after his assassination, wanted a lenient Reconstruction that brought the South back into the field (but not as lenient as Lincoln), was the first president (and last until Clinton) to go through impeachment, was from a border state

60
Q

What were the successes of the Congressional Reconstruction? (6)

A
  1. All Southern men officially able to vote
  2. Many appointed government positions are replaced with elected ones
  3. New public schools and social institutions
  4. Industrial and rail development stimulated
  5. Blacks able to serve in Southern govts for a short time
  6. Freedmen’s Bureau
61
Q

What was the Freedmen’s Bureau?

A

Provided opportunity for land and equipment for black free men to create their own farms

62
Q

Why were public schools and institutions able to grow after Reconstruction?

A

Because with a larger population due to addition of slaves as citizens, there was more tax $ coming in to pay for this

63
Q

Why was industrial and rail development important for the South during reconstruction?

A

helped South recover rapidly, gives South some of its own industrial power and makes them less dependent on trade with Britain/France

64
Q

What were the failures of Congressional Reconstruction?

A
  1. Industrialization plan led to high tax rates which caused an initial weakening of society
  2. The basic power structure of the South was essentially unaltered with sharecropping (aka still form of economic slavery)
  3. The End of Reconstruction came wit the rise of President Hayes who would reverse parts of reconstruction and give rise to white supremacy/ Ku Klux Klan
65
Q

What were sharecroppers and why were they considered an economic extension of slavery after Reconstruction?

A

Freed slaves now work as sharecroppers on plantation land, giving a portion back to the plantation owner and then selling whatever their share is to the public, made him dependent upon the owner so often not getting a fair deal, when they had to buy new equipment, they would go into debt with the plantation owner and pay them back through crops essentially keeping them as slaves

66
Q

When did Congressional Reconstruction end and why?

A

In 1877 after the election of Hayes ended the federal military occupation in the South that was implementing the Reconstruction

67
Q

Why was Rutherford B. Hayes elected as President in 1876?

A

Hayes did not have enough electoral votes so he made backroom deals with Southern Democrats that he would end Federal Occupation if they voted for him, result was Compromise of 1877

68
Q

What group prevented the implementation of Congressional Reconstruction?

A

The Ku Klux Klan essentially formed an alliance to keep blacks from flourishing in society

69
Q

What was the compromise that Rutherford B. Hayes made to get elected and what were the impacts of that compromise?

A

Compromise of 1877: President Hayes eliminated federal troops out of the South, without federal occupation, nobody is there to make sure Reconstruction is implemented, and as a result the Southerners start to implement Jim Crow Laws to “get around” the 13th-15th Amendment

70
Q

Before reconstruction, laws that limited black power were called _________. After reconstruction they were called ________.

A

Black Codes/ Jim Crow Laws

71
Q

What were Jim Crow Laws?

A

Laws put in place by Southern states that included separate but equal laws that caused segregation of public places, services, schools, etc

72
Q

What was an example of a Seperate but Equal Jim Crow law?

A

1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson case

73
Q

What was the 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson case?

A

ruled that blacks and whites could be separated as long as the facilities and equipment were equal (which of course they weren’t)

74
Q

What was a grandfather clause that was included in Jim Crow laws?

A

stated that if your grandfather was a slave, you also weren’t a citizen

75
Q

What are the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments

A

13th Amendment: gives slaves their freedom (passed by Lincoln during Civil War)

14th Amendment: gives blacks equal rights (enforced by Military Reconstruction Act during Congressional Reconstruction)

15th Amendment: gives blacks the right to vote (Congressional Reconstruction after attempted impeachment of Johnson)

CSET Social Science Subtest #2 (12 decks)

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