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Infection > Zoonoses > Flashcards

Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of zoonoses

A

Infections that can pass between living animals and humans, where the source of the disease is from the animal

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2
Q

WHO definition of zoonoses

A

Infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrae animals and humans

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3
Q

Definition of anthropnonosis

A

‘Reverse zoonoses’ in that humans are infecting the animals

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4
Q

Examples of anthropnonosis

A

Influenza affecting birds and pigs
Strep throat affecting dogs
Leishmaniasis affecting dogs

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5
Q

Definition of emerging zoonoses

A

A zoonosis that is newly recognised or newly evolved, or that has previously occurred but shows an increase in incidence or expansion in geographical host or vector range

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6
Q

Zoonoses can be caused by…

A

Virus
bacteria
fungus
parasite

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7
Q

Zoonoses pathogens developed strategies to ensure own survival/propagation including…..

A

Causing a chronic infection to survive
OR
Have a non-human reservoir

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8
Q

Examples of bacterial zoonoses

A 
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Shigella
Brucella
E. coli (verotoxigenic)
Plague 
Leptospirosis
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9
Q

Examples of viral zoonoses

A 
Rabies
Avian influenza
Ebola
Yellow fever
West nile fever
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10
Q

Examples of parasitic zoonoses

A

Toxoplasmosis
Trichinellosis
Echinococccosis

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11
Q

Examples of fungal zoonoses

A

Dermatophystoses (Ringworm)

Sporotrichosis

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12
Q

What virus causes rabies?

A

Lyssavirus

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13
Q

How to catch the virus of rabies

A

From the bite of an infected animal

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14
Q

Incubation period of rabies

A

2 weeks to several months

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15
Q

Pathology of rabies once infected

A

Travels to brain via peripheral nerves - so where you are bitten is important
When it reaches the CNS it is 100% fatal
Causes an acute encephalitis

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16
Q

Presentation of rabies (once got an acute encephalitis)

A 
Malaise
Headache
Fever
Progressing to mania, lethargy and coma
Over production of saliva and tears
Unable to swallow and 'hydrophobia'
Death by respiratory failure
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17
Q

Investigations for rabies (difficult)

A

PCR of saliva or CSF

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18
Q

Immediately after the bite, what is given?

A

Post exposure prophylaxis

  • human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG)
  • Infiltrated around bite (if possible)
    • 4 doses if rabies vaccine over 14 days
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19
Q

Post exposure prophylaxis of rabies

A

Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG)
Infiltrated around bite (if possible)
+ 4 doses of rabies vaccine over 14 days

20
Q

What is brucellosis?

A

Small, gram -ve coccobacilli

21
Q

Brucellosis is now a rare disease in the UK, but used to be an occupational hazard of…

A

Farmers
Vets
Slaughterhouse workers

22
Q

Where are brucellosis organisms excreted?

A

Milk
Placenta
Aborted foetus

23
Q

How do humans get infected by brucellosis?

A

During milking infected animals
During parturition
Handling carcasses of infected animals
Consumption of unpasteurised dairy products

24
Q

3 species of brucellosis

A

Melitensis
Suis
Abortus

25
Q

Most virulent species of brucellosis

A

Melitensis

26
Q

Incubation period of brucellosis

A

5 - 30 days (up to 6 months)

27
Q

Symptoms of brucellosis

A 
Acute (1-3 weeks)
- high undulant fever
- weakness
- headaches
- drenching sweatings
- splenomegaly 
Subacute (>1 month)
- fever 
- joint pains (knee, hip, back)
Chronic (months to years)
- flu like symptoms
- malaise
- depression 
- endocarditis
- chronic arthritis
- rarely meningitis
- epididymo-orchitis 
- splenomegaly
Subclinical (commonest)
- 50% of exposed have +ve serology
28
Q

Treatment of brucellosis infection

A

Long acting doxycycline for 2-3 months + rifampicin or IM gentamycin for first week(s)
Add cotriomoxazole for 2 weeks in CNS disease

29
Q

Types of leptospirosis

A

L. icterogaemorrhagica

L. hardjo

30
Q

Where is L. icterogaemorrhagica found?

A

Fish

Rats

31
Q

Symptoms of L. icterogaemorrhagica

A

Flu like symptoms
then
jaundice
renal failure

32
Q

Where is L. hardjio found?

A

Cattle

33
Q

Symptoms of L. hardjio

A

Fever
Meningism
NO JAUNDICE
most have no history of illness

34
Q

Life cycle of leptospirosis

A
  1. thin highly mobile spirochoetes, mainly resevior host. survive in environment for weeks to months
  2. penetrate abraded skin or mucous membranes and cause systemic illness.
    Humans are incidental hosts
35
Q

What contact of leptospirosis leads a human to catch it?

A

Direct contact with animal

Contact with environment (water) contaminated with their urine

36
Q

Incubation period of leptospirosis

A

2-30 days (10-14)

37
Q

Symptoms of leptospirosis

A 
Undifferentiated fever
Myalgia
Headaches
Abdominal pain 
Severe disease 5-15%
- weil's disease
- pulmonary haemorrhage
- fatality in 5-40%
38
Q

Weil’s disease is a triad of….

A
  1. Jaundice
  2. AKI
  3. Bleeding
39
Q

Investigations of leptospirosis

A

Microscopic agglutination test (MAT)
ELISA serology
PCR
Culture - take at least 1 week on special media

40
Q

Treatment of leptospirosis

A 
Early treatment 
- doxycycline for mild disease
- IV penicillin for severe
Prompt dialysis
Mechanical ventilation
41
Q

What is lyme borrelios and where is it found?

A

Spirochaete

Found in wild deer

42
Q

What is lyme ricinius transmitted by?

A

Ticks

43
Q

The vector for lyme borrelios thrives in what environment?

A

Active > 4C

Humidity

44
Q

What time of the year is lyme borrelios most common?

A

Summer months

45
Q

Presentation of lyme borrelios

A 
Erythra migrans - 3-90 days after the bite
ACA (acrodermatitis chronica atroficans)
- elderly
- blue-reddish discolouration 
- extensor surfaces of distal extremities
- peripheral neuropathy common 
Lymphocytoma
Neuroborreliosis (15%)
- traid of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain, lymphocytic meningitis 
- 2-6 weeks after the bite
Cardiac disorders
Arthritis (large joints, often knees)
46
Q

Investigations of lyme

A

EM clinical diagnosis
High serology titres and ACA + lymphocytoma clinical
Arthritis - very high serology titres from synovial fluid - PCR

47
Q

Treatment of lyme

A

Oral doxycycline or amoxicillin OR
IV ceftrixazone
Most manifestations treat for 21 days (28 days in arthritis or ACA)

Infection (16 decks)

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