Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Infection > Health Care Acquired Infections (HAI) > Flashcards

Health Care Acquired Infections (HAI) Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Healthcare acquired infections (HAI)

A

Infections that were not present or in the pre-symptomatic phase at the time of admissions to hospital, which arises >_48 hours after admission or within 48 hours of discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Possible outcomes of HAI

A 
extended length of stay 
Pain 
discomfort
permanent disability 
death 
increased cost
litigation (process of taking legal action)
loss of public confidence + decreased staff morale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are patients in hospital more vulnerable to?

A

Microbial colonisation

infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A strain of staph aureus which is COLONISED can also cause INFECTION through

A

Break in the skin e.g. surgical site infection
Vascular device e.g. PVC, CVC
Catheter associated UTI (CAUTI)
Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What disturbance leads to HAI?

A

Disturbance in balance-host equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Microbial factors tipping the balance towards infection

A

Increased

  • resistance
  • virulence
  • transmissibility
  • increased survival ability
  • ability to evade host defences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Host factors tipping the balance towards infection

A 
Devices (PVC, CVC, catheter, ventilation)
Antibiotics
Break in skin surface 
Foreign body 
Immunosuppression 
Gastric acid suppression 
Age extremes
overcrowding
Increased opportunity for transmission 
- interventions
- hand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Proportion of HAIs due to different infections

A 
UTI 22.6% (catheterisation mainly)
Surgical site infections 18.6%
RTI 17.5% (intubation 1/4)
Bloodstream infections 10.8% (CVC)
GI infection 15.4%
Skin and soft tissue infection 4%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Means of transmission

A

Direct contact (s. aureus, colioforms)
Respiratory/droplet (Neisseria meningidits, mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Faecal-oral (C. diff, salmonella)
Penetrating injury (Group A strep, bloodborne virus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Presentation of C. diff infection

A 
Diarrhoea
Faeces have characteristic odour
Abdominal pain 
Pyrexia
Raised WCC
Pseudomembraneous colitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Carriage rate of C. diff increases with….

A

age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which toxins of C. diff DO NOT cause disease?

A

Toxin negative strains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Diagnosis of C. diff by ….

A 
Lab tests (+ve toxin does not always mean disease)
Clinical interpretation 
Diarrhoeal symptoms MUST be present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Treatment of C diff infection

A

Stop predisposing antibiotics if possible
DO NOT TREAT THE SYMPTOM FREE
Avoid the 4Cs
If symptomatic
- oral metronidazole
- oral vancomycin if severe or failure to improve on metronidazole
- oral fidaxomicin if 2nd episode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4Cs to avoid to reduce C.diff

A

Ceftrixazone
Co-amomxiclav
Clindamycin
Ciprofloxacin + other quinolones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

You break the chain of infection by….

A 
Risk awareness
Standard infection prevention and control precautions (SICPs)
Hand hygiene 
Appropriate PPE
Vaccination 
Post exposure prophylaxis 
Environment
17
Q

Methods of disinfection

A

Heat
- pasteurisation (bedpans, linen, dishwashers)
- boiling (vaginal specula, ear synringes)
Chemical
- e.g. alcohol, hydrogen peroxide

18
Q

Cleaning effect on microbes

A

Physical removal of organic material and decrease in microbial load

19
Q

Sterilisation effect on microbes

A

removal/destruction of ALL microbes and spores

20
Q

Disinfection effects on microbes

A

Large reduction in microbe numbers, spores may remain

21
Q

Methods of sterilisation

A

Steam under pressure (autoclave)
Hot air oven
Gas (ethylene dioxide)
Ionising radiation

22
Q

Low risk for HAIs

A

Intact skin contact

  • stethescopes, cots, matresses
  • cleaning by manufacturers instructions
23
Q

Medium risk for HAIs

A

Mucous membrane contact e.g.
- bedpans, vaginal speculum, endoscopes
Disinfection or sterilisation as appropriate

24
Q

High risk for HAIs

A

Surgical instruments

Sterilisation needed

25
Q

Definition of an outbreak

A

2 or more cases of an infection linked in time and place

26
Q

What is the first purpose of IPCT?

A

To prevent individual infections AND outbreaks

27
Q

What is the purpose of surveillance?

A

To DETECT and IDENTIFY a possible outbreak at the earliest opportunity

28
Q

What is typing necessary for?

A

To determine if the same strain is present i.e. an outbreak

29
Q

Methods of typing

A 
Antibiogram (antibiotic sensitivity pattern)
Phage typing (e.g. staph aureus)
Pyocin typing (pseudomonas)
Serotyping (salmonella, pseudomonas)
Molecular typing (DNA typing)
30
Q

Control measures of outbreaks

A 
Single room isolation 
Cohorting of cases
Clinical area/ward closure 
Reinforcement of IPC measures 
Staff exclusion 
Staff decolonisation of other measures

Infection (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions