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Infection > Immunisation and Prophylaxis > Flashcards

Immunisation and Prophylaxis Flashcards

1
Q

Who is immunisation given to?

A

Childhood schedule
Special patient groups
Occupational
Travelers

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2
Q

Who is prophylaxis given to?

A

Travelers
Post exposure
Post exposure (HIV)
Surgical

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3
Q

Two types of immunity

A

Adaptive

Innate

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4
Q

Types of adaptive immunity

A 
Natural 
- passive (maternal)
- active (infection)
Artificial 
- passive (antibody transfer)
- active (immunisation)
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5
Q

What type of immunity are you born with?

A

Innate immunity

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6
Q

What childhood immunisations are given at 2 months?

A

6 in 1 vaccine
Rotavirus
Men B
Pneumococcal conjugate

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7
Q

What childhood immunisation can be given at 3 months?

A

6 in 1 vaccine

Rotavirus

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8
Q

What childhood immunisation can be given at 4 months?

A

6 in 1 vaccine
Pneumoccocal conjugate
Men B

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9
Q

What childhood immunisation can be given at 1 year old?

A

Hib/Men C
MMR
pneumococcal conjugate
Men B

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10
Q

What childhood immunisation can be given at 2-8 years?

A

Influenza nasal

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11
Q

What childhood immunisation can be given at 3-5 years?

A

4-in-1 booster (DTaP/IPV)

MMR

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12
Q

What immunisations are given at 12-13 years?

A

HPV

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13
Q

What immunisations are given at 14 years old?

A

3-in-1 booster (dT/IPV)

Men ACWY

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14
Q

What is the BCG (bacilli Calmette-guerine vaccine) an immunisation for?

A

TB

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15
Q

Who gets the BCG vaccine?

A

Some infants (0-12 months)
- areas of UK with certain incidence
- parents/grandparents born in a country with annual incidence
New immigrants (Not previously vaccinated) for high prevalence countries of TB
Contacts (<35 years) of resp TB patients
Healthcare workers

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16
Q

Indications for the influenza vaccine

A 
Age > 65 y/o 
Nursing home residents
Healthcare workers
Immunodefiency/suppression 
Asplenia/hyposplenism 
Chronic liver/renal/cardiac/lung disease
DM
Coeliac disease
Pregnant women
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17
Q

What is to be cautioned in the influenza vaccine?

A

Egg allergy

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18
Q

Two types of pneumococcal vaccine

A

Prevenar 13
- Pneumoccocl conjugate polysaccharide vaccine
Pneumovax II
- Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine

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19
Q

When is prevenar 13 given? (conjugate)

A

Part of childhood immunisation schedule - 3 doses

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20
Q

When is pneumonax II given?

A

For those at increased risk of pneumococcal infection - 1 dose

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21
Q

Indications for pneumococcal vaccine

A 
Immunodeficiency/suppression 
Asplenia/hyposplenism 
Sickle cell disease
Chronic liver/renal/cardiac/lung disease
DM
coeliac disease
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22
Q

Who is given Hepatitis B vaccine?

A 
All newborne children from 2018 (6 in 1)
Children at high risk of exposure to HBV
Healthcare workers
PWID
MSM
prisoners
chronic liver/kidney disease
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23
Q

What does PWID stand for?

A

People who inject drugs

24
Q

When is the Hep B vaccination given?

A

0, 1 month, 2 months + 1 year

25
Q

Who is given the varicella-zoster (chicken pox) vaccine?

A

Patients with suppressed immunity e.g. cancer treatment or organ transplant
Children if in contact with those at risk of severe VZV
Healthcare workers (if sero negative and in contact with patients)

26
Q

What type of vaccination is VZV and how often is it given?

A

Live attenuated vaccination

2 doses, 4-8 weeks apart

27
Q

What does the varicella zoster virus cause?

A

Chicken pox

28
Q

Who is given the herpes-zoster (shingles) vaccination?

A

all elderly patients (70-80 years)

29
Q

What does the herpes-zoster virus cause?

A

Shingles

30
Q

Types of vaccines

A

Live attenuated
Inactivated (killed)
Detoxified exotoxin
Subunit of microorganism

31
Q

What do live attenuated vaccines do?

A

More likely to stimulate the immune system to bring about an immune response

32
Q

When is a live attenuated vaccine relatively contraindicated?

A

In immunocompromised e.g. HIV or chemo

33
Q

Examples of a live attenuated vaccine

A

MMR
Rotavirus (oral)
Varicella-zoster (chicken pox)
BCG

34
Q

Examples of an inactivated (killed) vaccine

A

Rabies
Influenza
Hep A
Cholera (oral)

35
Q

Examples of detoxified exotoxin vaccines

A

Diptheria

Tetanus

36
Q

Examples of subunit vaccines

A

Hep B
Thyphoid
Pneumococcus

37
Q

Example of a recombinant vaccine

A

Hep B

38
Q

In antibody response to infection, what does the second response represent?

A

Immunological memory

39
Q

How many doses of killed vaccines are usually given and why?

A

2 or 3 doses - as need to build up the response

40
Q

How many doses of live vaccines are usually given and why?

A

1 dose - does not need multiple doses as the immune system is stimulated

41
Q

What does the “6 in 1 vaccine” contain?

A 
D = purified 
T = Purified tetanus toxin 
aP = purified boraetella pertussis 
IPV = Inactivated polio viruses
Hib = purified component of haemophilus, influenza b 
HBV = hepatitis B rDNA
42
Q

Herd immunity targets what amount of coverage?

A

90-95%

43
Q

Examples of disease specific immunoglobulins used for post exposure (passive immunisation)

A

Hepatitis Ig
Rabies Ig
Varicella (chicken pox) Ig

44
Q

What does human normal immunoglobulin contain?

A

Antibodies against

  • hep A
  • rubella
  • measles
45
Q

When is human normal immunoglobulin used?

A

Immunoglobulin deficiencies

treatment of some autoimmune disorders e.g. myesthesia gravis

46
Q

Types of passive immunisation

A

Human normal immunoglobulin

Disease specific immunoglobulins (post exposure)

47
Q

Risk assessment for travellers look at….

A 
Health of traveller
Previous immunisation and prophylaxis 
Areas visiting 
Duration of visit
Accommodation 
activities 
Remote areas
Recent outbreaks
48
Q

General safety measures for health of travellers

A 
Care with food/water
Hand washing
Sunburn/stroke
Altitude 
RTAs
Safe sex
Mosquitos (bed nets, sprays, cover up)
49
Q

Travellers are commonly immunised for….

A 
Tetanus 
Polio 
typhoid
Hep A
Yellow fever (need certificate)
Cholera
50
Q

Travelers may need immunised with these in special circumstances….

A 
Meningococcus A, G, W, Y
Diptheria
Jap B encephalitis 
Rabies
Tick borne encephalitis
51
Q

ABCD prevention of malaria

A 
A = awareness of risk 
- location of travel 
B = bite prevention 
- cover up at dawn and dusk 
- insect repellent sprays, lotions
- mosquito coils 
- nets
C = Chemoprophylaxis (choice depends on country)
- malanone, doxycycline, mefloquine
D = diagnosis and treatment
52
Q

Malaria advice to returning travellers

A

Any illness occurring within 1 year and especially within 3 months of return might be malaria

53
Q

Who should have their immunisation withholded?

A

Immunosuppression
- for VZV, MMR, BCG
History of anaphylaxis

54
Q

How many doses of tetanus provide life long protection?

A

5

55
Q

Who are live attenuated vaccines contraindicated in? (One of the groups)

A

HIV positive patients

Infection (16 decks)

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