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Kat's Pathology > Zoonoses > Flashcards

Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

What are zoonoses (3)

A

Complex group of diseases
Many pathogenic microorganisms that cause disease/colonise animals
Depends on vertebrate intermediate

INFECTIONS ACQUIRED FROM VERTEBRATE ANIMALS

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2
Q

What is an examples of zoonoses

A

Babesiosis - animal-tick-human

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3
Q

How are zoonoses transmitted (3)

A

By direct contact
Indirect contact by vector
Indirect contact through environmental contamination

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4
Q

Give transmission routes for zoonoses (6)

A 
Direct contact 
Ingestion
Inhalation 
Arthropod intermediates
Animal bites 
RARE - person-to-person via blood transfusion
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5
Q

What are the animal contacts that can give us zoonoses (4)

A

Pets
Lab animals
Household animals
Wild animals

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6
Q

What is a historic example of a zoonoses that had a huge impact on humans

A

Bubonic plague -Bacteria = yersinia pestis

Brucella (Pompei, Florence Nightingale)

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7
Q

What are some zoonoses that are transmitted via mechanical transmission (3)

A

Dysentry
Cholera
Typhoid

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8
Q

What are some arthropod-borne zoonoses (8)

A 
Plague 
Rickettsia
Ehrlichia 
Anaplasma
Relapsing fever
Lyme borreliosis
Leishmania
Arboviruses
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9
Q

What is necessary for vector-bore transmission (3)

A

Organism must be in the correct place - the blood.
Rapid adaptation from human to arthropod.
Dissemination of parasite

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10
Q

What are some traveler associated zoonotic infection (9)

A 
Malaria
Brucellosis 
Dengue 
Leishmaniasis 
Relapsing fever
Bubonic plague 
Rabies
Ebola....21 day rule 
Melioidosis
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11
Q

What zoonotic infections are associated with household pets (10)

A 
Psitticosis
Q fever
Brucellosis
Salmonellosis
Bartonella
Lyme borreliosis
Rickettsia
Leishmaniasis
Echinococcosis
Rabies
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12
Q

What are some infections transmitted from cats (5)

A 
Bartonellosis 
Leptospirosis 
Q fever
Toxoplasmosis 
Rabies
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13
Q

What are some infections acquired from dogs (5)

A 
Hydatid disease 
Leptospirosis
Brucellosis
Q fever
Rabies
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14
Q

What are some infections acquired from birds (6)

A 
Psitticosis 
Influenza
Cryptococcus 
Infleunza A 
Poultry-salmonella 
West Nile virus
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15
Q

What are some infections associated with mice (4)

A

Hantan viruses
Lyme borreliosis
Ehrlichia
Bartonella

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16
Q

What are some infections associated with rats (5)

A 
Rabies
Leptospirosis
Lassa fever (VHF)
Hantan viruses 
Plague
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17
Q

What are some infections acquired from small ruminants (4)

A

Anthrax
Brucellosis
Q fever
Listeria

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18
Q

What are some infections acquired form cattle (7)

A 
Anthrax
Leptospirosis 
Brucellosis
Bovine tuberculosis
Anaplasmosis 
Toxoplasmosis 
Ecoli 0157
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19
Q

What are some infections acquired from swine (6)

A 
Brucellosis 
Leptospirosis 
Trichinella 
Hepatitis E
Influenza A
Japanese encephalitis
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20
Q

What proportion of new emerging diseases are zoonotic in origin

A

75%

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21
Q

What percentage of all human infections are zoonoses

A

58%

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22
Q

What increases risk of zoonotic infections

A

Crowded, hot, unhygenic conditions

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23
Q

What allows pathogens to cross species barriers

A

Mixing of multiple hosts allows:
Adaptation of pathogen
Adaptation fo vector

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24
Q

What are some travel related sources of zoonotic infections (3)

A

Tourism
Livestock/exotic species/pets
Food

25
Q

What are some contact related sources of zoonitic infections (3)

A

Food - BSE
Physical contact - changed livestock husbandry, new sports - eco challenges
Environmental - encroachment of natural habitats

26
Q

What zoonotic infections are associated with recreational activities (7)

A 
Leptospirosis
Hepatitis A
Giardia
Toxoplasmosis
Mycobacterium marinum/ulcerans
Burkholderia pseudomallei 
Ecoli
27
Q

What are some important travel associated exotic infections (2)

A

Leishmaniasis

Burkholderia pseudomallei

28
Q

What are some common travel related infections (3)

A

West Nile Virus in America
Food poisoning (travellers diarrhoea)
Influenza A

29
Q

What clinical clues point towards zoonoses (8)

A

Consumption of unpasturised dairy produce
Undercooked meat from infected animals
Eating aborted foetuses (Ecuador)
Crushing umbilical cord of newborn lambs/kids between teeth….
Contact - skin lesions, mucous membranes (slaughter house workers, hunters, vets)
Travel
Exposure - food/water/animals
Bites - fleas/ticks/mosquito/fly - time of day important

E.g. walking on the beach in Greece

30
Q

Where is Leishmaniasis found (2)

A

Europe

South America

31
Q

What is the family of the rabies virus

A

Rhabdoviruses

32
Q

What type of virus is rabies

A

It is a lyssavirus, from rhabdoviruses

33
Q

What type of virus is vesicular stomatis virus

A

A vesuculoviris from rhabdoviruses

34
Q

What do rabies and vesicular stomatis have in common

A

Both rhabdoviruses

35
Q

What are rhabdoviruses shaped like

A

Rod-shaped

36
Q

What does lyssaviruse describe

A

Frenzy, fluffy appearance of viruse

37
Q

What are the clinical features of rabies (4)

A

Contact with infected animal (dog, bat) - usually through being bitten.
Variable incubation
Slow migration to CNS
Inevitable clinical outcome is death

38
Q

What is the life cycle of a rabies virus in a racoon (6)

A

Raccoon is bitten by a rabid animal
Rabies virus enters the raccoon through infected saliva
Rabies virus spreads through the nerves to the spinal cord and brain
The virus incubates in raccoon’s body for approximately 3-12 weeks. The raccoon has no signs of illness during this time.
When it reaches the brain, the virus multiplies rapidly, passes to the salivary glands, and the raccoon begins to show signs of disease.
The infected animal usually dies within 7 days of becoming sick

39
Q

How many people die from rabies/year worldwide

A

55,000 worldwide/year

40
Q

How is rabies diagnosed (5)

A

IFA for rabies antigen in brain tissue
IFA serial frozen skin sections
Isolation of virus - murine neuroblastoma cells or intracerebral mouse inoculation
RT-PCR (>15% nucleotide difference between rabies variants - 8 genotypes)
Serology - neutralisation tests/ELISA for specific IgM

41
Q

How is rabies prevented (2)

A

Rabies vaccine pre-travel/exposure

Rapid access to point exposure vaccine and IgG

42
Q

What is brucellae

A

Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacteria

Nine species currently recognised
Different species and biovars (differential host specificity and pathogenicity)

43
Q

How is brucellosis transmitted (6)

A 
Contact with infected animal/environmental contamination
Consumption of infected animal products 
Respiratory 
Gastro-intestinal 
Laboratory acquired infection 
Bioterrorism
44
Q

What are the clinical features of brucellosis (6)

A

Incubation 3-4 weeks (may be up to 7-10 months).
Non-specific onset with complications of osteomyelitis (occasionally meningoencephalitis).
Severely debilitating – often chronic
Culture bone marrow (>90% positive).
Blood cultures (70% positive) need extended incubation!
Serological diagnostic tests.

45
Q

What is the treatment for brucellosis infection (3)

A

Prolonged therapy of 4-6 weeks with tetracycline or doxycycline combined with streptomycin.
Oral therapy with doxycycline and rifampicin 8 weeks (WHO)
Above supplemented with amikacin bid 7 days

46
Q

Where is plague currently a problem (2)

A

Madagascar

Emerging infection in Kazakhstan

47
Q

What are the potential vectors for plague (4)

A 
Carried in fleas:
Birds
Cats
Rats
Camels
48
Q

What are the two main subsets of plague (2)

A

Bubonic plague

Pneumonic plague

49
Q

How is plague diagnosed (2)

A 
Conventional microbiological methods 
Molecular methods (e.g. PCR)
50
Q

How is plague treated (4)

A

Streptomycin
Doxycycline
Gentamicin
Chloramphenicol - meningitis

51
Q

What is the vector for relapsing fever

A

Human body louse

52
Q

Who are most at risk of louse borne relapsing fever

A

Young males

53
Q

What are the early clinical features of lyme borreliosis (2)

A

Erythema migrans

Non-specific flu-like illness

54
Q

What is the vector for lyme borreliosis

A

Ticks

In the UK/Eurpose - ixodes tick

55
Q

What are the clinical features of early disseminated lyme borreliosis (4)

A

Secondary erythema migrans
Palsies
Carditis
Srthritis

56
Q

What are the late clinical features of lyme borreliosis (3)

A

Arthritis
ACA (acrodermatitis chronicum atrophocans)
Encephalopathy

57
Q

What is the treatment for lyme borreliosis

A

Doxyclycline

58
Q

What are the causes of emerging zoonotic diseases (6)

A 
Global warming 
Vectors moving/animals migrating 
habitats changing
Wars
Population growth, failure of vector control/waste removal 
Global travel

Kat's Pathology (105 decks)

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