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Kat's Pathology > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins (4)

A

A (retinol)
D (cholecalciferol)
E (tocopherol)
K (phytomenadione)

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2
Q

What does vitamin A deficiency cause

A

Colour blindness

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3
Q

What does vitamin A excess cause

A

Exfoliation hepatitis

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4
Q

How is vitamin A level determined

A

Serum test

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5
Q

What does vitamin D deficiency cause

A

Ostemalacia/Rickets

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6
Q

What does vitamin D excess cause

A

Hypercalcaemia

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7
Q

How is vitamin D level determined

A

Serum test

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8
Q

What does vitamin E deficiency cause (4)

A

Anaemia
Neuropathy
Malignancy
Ischaemic heart disease

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9
Q

How is vitamin E level determined

A

Serum test

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10
Q

What does vitamin K deficiency cause

A

Defective clotting

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11
Q

How is vitamin K level determined

A

PTT

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12
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins (47

A 
B1 (thiamin) 
B2 (riboflavin) 
B6 (pyridoxine) 
B12 (cobalamin) 
C (ascorbate)
Folate
Niacin
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13
Q

What does vitamin B1 deficiency cause (3)

A

Beri-Beri
Neuropathy
Wernicke syndrome

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14
Q

How is vitamin B1 level determined

A

RBC transketolase

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15
Q

What does vitamin B2 deficiency cause

A

Glossitis

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16
Q

What does vitamin B6 deficiency cause (2)

A

Dermatitis

Anaemia

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17
Q

What does vitamin B6 excess cause

A

Neuropathy

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18
Q

How is vitamin B6 level measured

A

RBC AST activation

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19
Q

What does vitamin B12 deficiency cause

A

Pernicious anaemia

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20
Q

How is vitamin B12 level determined

A

Serum B12

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21
Q

What does vitamin C deficiency cause

A

Scurvy

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22
Q

What does vitamin C excess cause

A

Renal stones

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23
Q

How is vitamin C level measured

A

Plasma level

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24
Q

What does folate deficiency cause (2)

A

Megaloblastic anaemia

Neural tube defect

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25
Q

How is folate level determined

A

RBC folate

26
Q

What does niacin deficiency cause

A

Pellagra

27
Q

What are the important trace elements in the body (5)

A 
Iron 
Iodine 
Zinc 
Copper 
Flouride
28
Q

What does iron deficiency cause

A

Hypochromic anaemia

29
Q

What does iron excess cause

A

Haemochromatosis

30
Q

How is iron level measured

A

FBC, Fe, Ferritin

31
Q

What does iodine deficiency cause (2)

A

Goitre

Hypothyroidism

32
Q

How is iodine level measured

A

TFTs

33
Q

What does zinc deficiency cause

A

Dermatitis

34
Q

What does copper deficiency cause

A

Anaemia

35
Q

What does copper excess cause

A

Wilson’s

36
Q

How is copper level measured (2)

A

Cu

Caeroplasmin

37
Q

What does fluoride deficiency cause

A

Dental caries

38
Q

What does fluoride excess cause

A

Flourosis

39
Q

What proportion of your diet should ideally consist of carbohydrates

A

50%

40
Q

What hormones are involved in energy (fat) homeostasis (5)

A 
Ghrelin (hunger) 
PYY (satiety) 
Leptin 
Insulin
Adiponectin
41
Q

What is the idea body fat percentage

A

10-35%

42
Q

How is obesity measured (3)

A

Weight
Body mass index
Waist:Hip ratio

43
Q

What is an overweight BMI

A

25-30kg/m2

44
Q

What conditions are associated with obesity (7)

A 
Psychological morbidity 
Chest disease 
Malignancy 
Cardiovascular disease 
Diabetes and metabolic syndrome 
Gynaecological disease 
Rheumatological disease
45
Q

What waist circumference is associated with increased risk of CHD in men

A

Increased risk >94cm

Major risk >102cm

46
Q

What waist circumference is associated with increased risk of CHD in women

A

Increased risk >80cm

Major risk >88cm

47
Q

What is the ideal daily protein intake (2)

A

Men: 84gm
Women: 64gm

48
Q

What is protein used for in the body (3)

A

Indespensable (e.g. leucine)
‘Conditionally’ indespensable (e.g. cysteine)
Dispensabel (e.g. alanine)

49
Q

What is raised HLD associated with

A

Reduced IHD risk

50
Q

What increased IHD risk (3)

A

Female
Alcohol
Obesity

51
Q

What effect does saturated fat have on cholesterol

A

Higher levels raise cholesterol

52
Q

What effect does polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) have on cholesterol

A

Increased levels reduce cholesterol

53
Q

What factors are associated with metabolic syndrome (5)

A 
Fasting glucose >6mmol/l
HLD <1M, <1.3F
Hypertension >135/80
Waist circumference >102M, >88F
Microalbumin insulin resistance
54
Q

What are the treatment options for obesity (6)

A 
Exclude endocrine cause 
Exclude complications of obesity 
Educate
Diet and exercise 
Medical therapy 
Surgical therapy
55
Q

What medical therapy is available for obesity (2)

A

Orlistat

GLP-1 agonist

56
Q

What are the bariatric surgical options (3)

A

Adjustable band
Sleeve gastrectomy
Gastric bypass (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass)

57
Q

What are the health benefits of bariatric surgery (9)

A

Resolution/improvement of T2DM
Resolution/improvement of hypertension
Improved lipid profile
Resulting in overall reduction in cardiac risk
Resolution of obstructive sleep apnoea
Resolution of PCOS and improved fertility
Reduced cancer related deaths
Regression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Reduced mortality

58
Q

What are two protein energy malnutrition syndromes

A

Marasmus

Kwashiorkor

59
Q

What are the clinical features of kwashiorkor (5)

A 
Oedematous 
Scaling/ulceration 
Lethargic 
Large liver, SC fat 
Protein deficient
60
Q

What are the clinical features of marasmus (4)

A

Shrivelled
Growth retarded
Severe muscle wasting
No SC fat

Kat's Pathology (105 decks)

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