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Zoonoses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the WHO definition of a zoonosis?

A

A disease/infection which is transmitted naturally between vertebrate animals and humans

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2
Q

List 5 zoonoses transmitted by mice

A 
Hantan viruses (fleas)
Lyme borreliosis
Ehrlichia
Bartonella
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
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3
Q

List 7 zoonoses transmitted by rats

A 
Rabies
Leptospirosis
Lassa fever
Hantan viruses
Plague
Pasteruellosis
Haverhill fever (rat bite)
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4
Q

List 7 zoonoses transmitted by cats

A 
Bartonellosis (cat scratch)
Leptospirosis
Q-fever
Toxoplasmosis
Rabies
Ringworm
Toxocariasis
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5
Q

List 8 zoonoses transmitted by dogs

A 
Hydatid disease
Leptospirosis
Brucellosis
Q-fever
Rabies
MRSA
Ringworm
Toxocariasis
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6
Q

List 9 zoonoses transmitted by small ruminants (sheep and goats)

A 
Anthrax
Brucellosis
Q-fever
Cryptosporidiosis
Enzootic abortion
Louping ill
Orff virus
Rift valley fever
Toxoplasmosis
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7
Q

List 9 zoonoses transmitted by cattle

A 
Anthrax
Leptospiriosis
Brucella
Bovine TB
Anaplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis
E. coli 0157
Rift valley fever
Ringworm
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8
Q

List 8 zoonoses transmitted by swine

A 
Brucellosis
Leptospirosis
Erysipeloid
Cysticerosis
Trichinella
HEV
Influenza A
Streptococcal sepsis
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9
Q

List 6 zoonoses transmitted by birds

A 
Psitticosis
Influenza
Cryptococcus
Influenza A
Salmonella (poultry)
West Nile fever (poultry)
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10
Q

List 7 water-sports associated zoonoses

A 
Leptospirosis
HAV
Giardia
Toxoplasmosis
Mycobacterium marinum/ulcerans
Burkholderia pseudomallei
E. coli
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11
Q

List 4 water-borne zoonoses

A

Campylobacter
Salmonella
E. coli toxin (VTEC 0157)
Cryptosporidiosis

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12
Q

List 7 food-associated zoonoses

A 
Listeria (cow-cheese-human)
Taenia
Cysticercosis
Toxoplasmosis
Trichinellosis
Yersiniosis
Giardia
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13
Q

Brucella - microscopic features

A 
Gram-negative 
Aerobic
Facultatively intracellular 
Endemic world wide
Small
Nonencapsulated
Flagellated
Coccobacilli
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14
Q

What is the name of the disease caused by brucella?

A

Brucellosis

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15
Q

Which 4 animals are associated with brucellosis?

A

Farm animals

Dogs
Cattle
Small ruminants
Swine

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16
Q

What are the 3 modes of transmission of brucellosis?

A

Inhalation
Skin contact
Mucus membrane contact
Ingestion

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17
Q

How is brucellosis contracted?

A

Consumption of contaminated food (untreated milk/dairy)
Animal contact
Environmental contamination
Laboratory acquired

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18
Q

List 6 symptoms of brucellosis

A 
Undulant fever (peaks in evening, normal by morning)
Malaise
Rigors
Sweating
Myalgia/arthralgia
Tiredness
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19
Q

What is the incubation period for brucellosis?

A

3-4 weeks

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20
Q

List 3 potential complications of brucellosis

A

Endocarditis
Osteomyelitis
Meningoencephalitis

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21
Q

List 6 signs of brucellosis

A 
Arthritis
Spinal tenderness
Lymphadenopathy
Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
Epididymo-orchitis
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22
Q

List 4 rare signs of brucellosis

A

Jaundice
CNS abnormalities
Cardiac murmur
Penumonia

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23
Q

What investigations are performed if brucellosis suspected, and what are the likely results?

A

Serology
- Anti-O polysaccharide antibody (titres >1:160)
FBC
- WCC normal
- Leukocytosis rare
- Significant number of pts neutropaenic

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24
Q

What is the treatment for brucellosis?

A

4-6 weeks of tetracycline or doxycycline AND stretomycin
OR
8 weeks of doxycycline AND rifampicin

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25
Q

What is the name of the pathogen that causes rabies?

A

Rhabdovirus

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26
Q

What are the 2 most common animal vectors of rabies?

A

Dogs and bats

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27
Q

How long does rhabdovirus take to migrate to the CNS?

A

Months - years

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28
Q

Without treatment, how does rabies progress?

A

Fatal encephalitis - death usually occurs within 2-10 days, survival rare once symptoms have presented

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29
Q

What is the name of the cerebral inclusions seen in brain samples that are pathognomonic for rabies?

A

Negri bodies

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30
Q

Give 3 features of the rabies prodrome

A

Fever
Headache
Sore throat

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31
Q

Which test can be used antemortem to detect the rabies antigen in brain tissue?

A

Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFA)

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32
Q

Other than IFA, name 2 other tests that can be used to diagnose rabies

A

Serological neutralisation test

ELISA, for specific IgM

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33
Q

What is the treatment for rabies?

A

Post exposure IgG

Recent experimental treatment (at symptomatic presentation): Milwaukee protocol. Successfully saved first patient in 2004. Involves induced coma, ketamine and antivirals.

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34
Q

What is the name of the bacteria responsible for bubonic plague?

A

Yersinia pestis

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35
Q

Yersinia pestis - microscopic features

A

Gram-negative
Lactose fermenter
Rod-shaped coccobacillus
Facultative anaerobe

36
Q

Which animals are a source of yersinia pestis and how is it transmitted?

A

Rats

Transmitted by fleas

37
Q

How is plague diagnosed?

A

PCR

38
Q

How is bubonic plague contracted and how does it present?

A

Flea bites human

Presents with swollen lymph nodes (bubos) and dry gangrene

39
Q

How does pulmonary plague differ from bubonic?

A

Spread person-person (rather than rat-flea-person)

This kind of plague seen during (relatively) more recent epidemics

40
Q

What is the treatment for plague?

A

Streptomycin
Doxycycline
Gentamicin
Chloramphenicol (in meningitis)

41
Q

Leptospira interrogans - microscopic features

A

Gram -ve
Spirochaete (spiral shaped)
Obligate aerobic
Motile

42
Q

What is the name of the disease caused by Leptospira interrogans?

A

Leptospirosis

43
Q

How is leptospirosis transmitted?

A

L. interrogans excreted in dog/rat urine

Penetrates broken skin when swimming in contaminated water

44
Q

List 5 animal sources of leptospirosis

A 
Rats
Cats
Dogs
Cattle
Swine
45
Q

What is the incubation period for leptospirosis?

A

10-14 days

46
Q

How does leptospirosis present?

A 
High spiking fever
Headache
Conjunctival haemorrhages
Jaundice
Malaise
Myalgia
Meningism
Carditis
Renal failure
Haemolytic anaemia
47
Q

What is the treatment for leptospirosis?

A

Amoxicillin, erythromycin, doxycycline or ampicillin

48
Q

What is the name of the bacteria that causes anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis

49
Q

Bacillus anthracis - microscopic features

A 
Obligate pathogen 
Gram-positive
Endospore-forming
Rod-shaped 
Can be grown in an ordinary nutrient medium under aerobic or anaerobic conditions
50
Q

List 2 animal sources of anthrax

A 
Cattle
Small ruminants (sheep, goats)
51
Q

How does cutaneous anthrax present?

A

Small black lesions with a rim of oedema

52
Q

How does pulmonary anthrax present?

A

Massive lymphadenopathy
Mediastinal haemorrhage
Pleural effusion
Respiratory failure

53
Q

What is another name for pulmonary anthrax?

A

Woolsorter’s disease

54
Q

What is another name for Lyme disease?

A

Lyme borreliosis

55
Q

What is the name of the bacterium that cause Lyme disease?

A

Borrelia burgdoferi (and other Borrelia spp)

56
Q

Borrelia burgdoferi - microscopic features

A 
Spirochaete
Diderm (double-membrane) therefore neither gram positive nor negative
Flat wave shape
Anaerobic
Motile 
Flagellated
57
Q

How is Lyme disease transmitted?

A

Arthropod-borne, transmitted through tick (ixodes) bite. Ticks also transmit to other vertebrates eg mice

58
Q

What are the symptoms of early localised Lyme disease?

A

Cyclical fevers
Non-specific flu-like symptoms
Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) - “Bullseye rash”

59
Q

How does early disseminated Lyme disease present?

A 
Malaise
Lymphadenopathy
Hepatitis
Carditis
Arthritis
60
Q

How does late persistent Lyme disease present?

A

Arthritis
Focal neuropathy
Neuropsychiatric disturbance
Acrodermatitis chronic atrophicans (ACA)

61
Q

How is Lyme disease diagnosed?

A

Biopsy of the edge of the bullseye rash

ELISA for Lyme antibodies

62
Q

What is the treatment for Lyme disease?

A

Doxycycline for 2-3 weeks (alternatively amoxicillin, cephalosporins)

If CNS issues: IV ceftriaxone for 2-4 weeks

63
Q

What is a potential consequence following treatment for Lyme disease?

A

ME type symptoms

64
Q

Which bacterium causes Q fever?

A

Coxiella burnetii

65
Q

Coxiella burnetii - microscopic features

A

Obligate intracellular
Gram-negative
Highly resistant to environmental stresses
Biphasic developmental cycle

66
Q

What is the treatment for Q fever?

A

Doxycycline

67
Q

Which other respiratory disease might Q fever be mistaken for?

A

Atypical pneumonia

68
Q

How does Q fever present?

A 
Symptoms begin 2-5 weeks post infection
Fever
Dry cough
Fatigue
Pleural effusion
Diarrhoea
NO rash
69
Q

Does Q fever cause a rash?

A

No

70
Q

List 4 animal sources of Q fever

A

Cattle
Sheep
Dogs
Cats

71
Q

Which pathogens cause Leishmaniosis?

A

Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania

72
Q

How is the Leishmania parasite transmitted?

A

Via the bite of certain types of sandflies (South and Central America, Middle East)

73
Q

Which 2 Leishmania species cause cutaneous Leishmaniosis?

A

L. major

L. tropica

74
Q

How does cutaneous Leishmaniosis present?

A

Skin ulcer at site of bite (due to multiplication of dermal macrophages)
Heals after 1 year leaving depigmented scar
May be single/multiple painless nodules which grow and ulcerate

75
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is cutaneous Leishmaniosis?

A

Type IV

76
Q

How many types of Leishmaniosis exist, and what are they?

A

4 types

Cutaneous
Diffuse cutaneous
Muco-cutaneous
Visceral

77
Q

Which patients are more likely to get diffuse cutaneous Leishmaniosis?

A

Immunodeficient

78
Q

How does diffuse cutaneous Leishmoniosis present?

A

Nodular skin lesions that do NOT ulcerate
Lots of nodules, esp on nose
Skin test -ve (due to immunodeficiency)

79
Q

Which Leishmania species causes muco-cutaneous Leishmaniosis?

A

L. braziliensis

80
Q

How does muco-cutaneous leishmaniosis present?

A

Dermal ulcer same as cutaneous leishmaniosis

Months/years later: ulcers in mucous membranes of nose and mouth

81
Q

What is visceral leishmaniosis also known as?

A

Kala Azar
Black fever
Dumdum fever

82
Q

Which 2 species of leishmania cause visceral leishmaniosis?

A

L. donovani
L. infantum
L. chagasi (South America)

83
Q

Which patients are more likely to get visceral leishmaniosis?

A

Young, malnourished children

84
Q

How does visceral leishmaniosis present?

A

Abdo discomfort
Distension
Anorexia
Weight loss

85
Q

What specific pathology is caused by L. donovani?

A

Invasion of the reticuloendothelial system
Causes hepatosplenomegaly and BM invasion
Later results in disfiguring dermal disease, post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)

Microbiology (27 decks)

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