Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kevin's infectious disease > Zoonoses > Flashcards

Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

Anthroponoses

A

Diseases obtained from other people (human reservoir)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Zoonoses

A
  • Infections obtained from animals (indirectly or directly, animal reservoir)
  • ~60% of pathogens are zoonotic
  • Higher percentage of emerging pathogens are zoonotic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Different contact scenarios

A
  • Agriculture (farms and livestock)
  • Animal product processing and manufacturing
  • Forestry, outdoors
  • Recreation (pets or wild animals)
  • Clinic, labs
  • Epidemiology and public health
  • Emergency situations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Zoonoses is NOT

A
  • Poisonings/envenomations
  • Bites, kicks, scratches
  • Allergies
  • Anthroponoses (even with animal derived transportation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the cost of zoonotic diseases?

A
  • Human Health (loss of productivity and life)

* Economic (prophylaxis and treatment, import/export restrictions, lost trade and tourism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the social changes that affect zoonoses?

A
  • Changes in small animal ownership (> households with children)
  • Changes in the status of animal (Human animal bond. Pets are family as opposed to property)
  • Changes in “exotic” animal ownership (has increased)
  • Changes in food animal production (increase in percentage of animals per farm)
  • Changes in global trade and travel (decreased travel time with a bigger range of travel. Increased trade, especially in exotics)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Diversity of zoonoses

A
  • 800 different pathogens, covering all taxonomic groups

* Every animal species has zoonotic diseases, some being specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Diverse life cycles of zoonoses

A
  • Some can be perpetuated by a single vertebrate specie
  • Others require more than a single specie
  • Others require a combination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Direct routes of transmission

A
  • Droplet/aerosol
  • Oral (i.e. bite)
  • Contact
  • Risk elevated with close work with animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Indirect routes of transmission

A
  • Food/water borne
  • Vector borne
  • Fomites
  • Risk elevated with exposure to mode of transportation.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pathway of Taenia Solium

A
  • Pig eats eggs (porcine cysticercosis) where it ends up in the muscle
  • Humans eat the cyst and the adult tapeworm develops in the GI tract (Human taeniasis)
  • If it ends up in the brain, it is considered neurocysticercosis (Human cysticercosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Taenia Solium: Neurocysticercosis

A
  • Larvae encyst in the brain, leading to epilepsy, seizures, behavioral changes, and blindness.
  • Death in 50-80% without treatment
  • Leading cause of epilepsy, seizures in developing worlds
  • Albendazole and praziquantel to control seizures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reservoir of Taenia Solium

A

Humans (primary) and pigs (intermediate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Transmission of Taenia Solium to humans

A 
Taeniasis
•Eating undercooked pork
Neurocysticercosis
•Self infection
• Fecal material from someone who has the tapeworm intestinal infection
• Consuming food with the eggs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transmission of Taenia Solium to pigs

A

Contamination of feed, pasture, or water with human feces.
•Fertilizing with untreated human sewage.
•Leakage overflow of human sewage
•People defecating into feed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prevention of Taeniasis

A
  • Meat inspection (only 50% of carcasses are detected)

* Proper cooking/handling of pork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Prevention of Neurocysticercosis

A
  • Block transmission (washing hands after defecation)
  • Proper sewage management
  • Treat the people with tapeworm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prevention of Swine cysticercosis

A
  • Prevent untreated human sewage from being used

* Ensure there is no overflow of sewage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Giardia

A
  • One host life cycle (consume cysts and trophozites form which produce cysts)
  • Many genotypes, can infect many mammals (multiple reservoir species)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Transmission of giardia

A
  • Consuming cysts
  • Water is a common source
  • Surface contamination of food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Prevention of giardia

A
  • Water treatment
  • Sewage treatment
  • Wash/peel veggies and fruits
22
Q

Rabies

A
  • Acute, progressive, encephalomyelitis

* Highest fatality rate of any conventional infectious disease

23
Q

Etiology of rabies

A

•Caused by the RNA virus Rhabdoviridae, genus
Lyssavirus(1)
• At least 11 other lyssavirus species can cause rabies

24
Q

Rabies host

A
  • Most, if not all mammals, are susceptible.
  • All reservoirs = vector but not all vectors = reservoirs
  • Principle reservoirs: carnivora (canids, skunks, raccoons, mongooses) and chiroptera (bats).
25
Q

Transmission of rabies

A
  • Bite of an infected animal
  • Virus replicates in muscle near bite
  • Virus moves up peripheral nervous system into CNS, up the spinal cord
  • Once in the brain, it causes fatal encephalitis
  • Virus enters salivary glands/other organs
26
Q

Distribution of rabies

A
  • All continents except Antarctica
  • Several areas considered “free” of the disease
  • Globalization threatens disease free status
27
Q

Epidemiology of rabies in the Caribbean

A
  • Rabies in the mongoose: Puerto rico, Cuba, Domincan Republic, Grenada
  • Rabies in the bat: Cuba, Grenada, and Trinidad
28
Q

Burden of rabies

A
  • ~50,000 human deaths a year (most in developing countries)
  • Tens of millions of human exposure
  • Domestic dog is the most important reservoir
  • Wildlife are important in developed countries
29
Q

Prevention of rabies

A
  • Surveillance of animals and humans
  • Reduce animal reservoir (vaccinations and feral control)
  • Reduce human risk (post exposure procedures, vaccinations, and education)
30
Q

Rabies in the US

A
  • Human rabies uncommon, but about ~30,000-~38,000 exposure cases a year.
  • ~5000-~10,000 animal rabies cases a year
  • Dog rabies transmission has been eliminated
  • Every state except for Hawaii
31
Q

Hantavirus

A
  • Bunyaviridae: Enveloped ssRNA viruses
  • As a genus, distributed world wide (individual species limited to specific hosts and geographic locations)
  • Rodents are reservoir (usually wild rodents but can affect pets) and asymptomatic
32
Q

Transmission of Hantavirus

A
  • Shed in urine, saliva, and feces
  • Primarily transmission: aerosol (Indirect or direct. Inhalation of urine and feces while sweeping).
  • Can survive for weeks, susceptible to desiccation
  • Secondary transmission: bite
33
Q

Clinical signs in humans: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

A
  • “new world” disease
  • Starts with fever, chills, myalgia, headache.
  • Increased vascular permeability in the lungs.
  • Fatal in 40% of cases
34
Q

Clinical signs in humans: Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS)

A
  • “old world” disease

* Petechial hemorrhage, renal damage, cardiovascular shock

35
Q

Risk factors of hauntavirus

A
  • Increased rodent density (looking food, warmth)
  • People who work close to rodents or rodent habitats
  • Prevention includes wearing face masks, gloves
36
Q

Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

A
  • Spore forming bacterium that can survive in soil for years
  • Usually inhalation of spores in aerosolized soil, eating infected plants, or eating infected animals (most cases seen in cattle)
  • Veterinarians can be exposed percutaneously to infected blood
37
Q

Symptoms of cattle anthrax

A
  • Bleeding from all orifices
  • Swelling
  • Sudden death
38
Q

Postmortem signs of cattle anthrax

A
  • Blood not clotted
  • Spores in microscopy
  • Rapid bloating
  • Lack of rigor mortis
  • Blood from orifices
39
Q

Anthrax control

A
  • Vaccinations and education
  • No necropsy performed for suspected cases
  • Burn the bodies or bury quickly
40
Q

Brucellosis

A
  • Brucella melitensis and abortus are most pathogenic in people.
  • Brucella suis and canis are less pathogenic in people.
  • “undulant fever” or “Malta fever” or “Bangs Disease”
41
Q

Symptoms of Brucellosis

A
  • Recurring fever that can last for months
  • Abortions if pregnant
  • Neurologic, endocarditis, possibly chronic fatigue
  • Difficult to diagnose
42
Q

Transmission of brucella spp.

A
  • Ingestion, mucous membrane exposure, or percutaneous inoculation (aborted fetus, unpasteurized milk, blood/feces/urine/semen/uterine secretions)
  • Rarely infects humans but most cases of veterinarians exposed to contaminated blood.
43
Q

Controlling brucella spp.

A
  • Eliminate animal reservoir

* Pasteurization of milk and cheese

44
Q

Borreliosis

A
  • Tick transmitted spirochetes
  • Potential to cause chronic disease
  • Extensive geographical distribution
  • Exists primarily in enzootic wildlife cycles but do cross over to domestic animals
45
Q

2 groups of borreliosis that cause zoonotic disease

A
  • Ixodes spp. hard ticks (lyme disease)

* Soft ticks (relapsing fever)

46
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi (“Lyme disease”)

A
  • Vector: Ixodes spp.
  • Reservoir: sylvatic rodents (in southeastern US, also some lizards)
  • Affects people, dogs, horses.
  • Symptoms include Acute febrile illness, myalgia, sometimes arthralgia
  • Chronic disease manifests as cardiovascular, neurological, or joint problems
47
Q

Risk of exposure to lyme disease

A
  • Outdoor activities or having a backyard that include tick habitat.
  • Ticks must attach for >48 hours to transmit disease
  • If untreated, domesticated dogs can serve as “sources” of infection
48
Q

Lyme disease prevention

A
  • Avoid places with ticks
  • Apply tick repellant
  • Remove ticks if attached
49
Q

West nile virus

A
  • Genus: Flavivirus
  • Maintained in a mosquito-bird-mosquito cycle (stays in birds 1-4 days post exposure)
  • Birds infected usually survive but >317 species of dead birds have been found with WNV
50
Q

Transmission of west nile virus

A
  • Primarily though mosquito bites
  • Human/horses are dead end hosts
  • After infection, life long immunity is developed
  • Secondary infection: bloodborne infection, laboratory exposure, and breast milk
  • No evidence of infection from handling dead/ill birds
51
Q

Clinical signs of west nile virus in horses

A

Neurologic: ataxia, hypermetria, weakness, peri- or

tetraparesis, recumbency, death

52
Q

Clinical signs of west nile virus in humans

A
  • ~80% of people are asymptomatic
  • ~20% develop a mild febrile illness
  • 1/150 infected develop neuroinvasive disease (10% of cases are fatal)

Kevin's infectious disease (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions