Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kevin's infectious disease > Introduction/Flora lectures > Flashcards

Introduction/Flora lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

The branch of science that deals with microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are “frank” pathogens?

A

The small fraction of microorganisms that cause disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

A 
Less than 5µm
No membrane bound organelles
70S ribosomes
Nucleic acid occurs as a single molecule, often circular
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus absent
Replicate by binary fission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the characteristics of a eukaryotic cell

A

More than 10 μm
Membrane bound organelle present
80S ribosomes in cytoplasm; 70Sin mitochondria and chloroplasts
Nucleic acid is distributed inchromosomes
Nuclear membrane andnucleolus present
Replicate by mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the order of the Linnean Hierarchial Classification?

A
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is included in the binomial classification?

A

The genus name and the specie name - italicized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Don’t memorize the historical facts about the people of microbiology

A

Seriously don’t. He said it won’t be on the exam.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

Neutral, antagonistic, or synergistic relationships between two dissimilar organisms living in close association with each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Mutually beneficial relationship for both organisms. (example: leeches)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is commensalism?

A

When one organism benefits from the relationship while the other is not affected negatively or positively.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is parasitism?

A

A relationship where the parasite benefits and the host can sometimes experience a detrimental effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is flora or microbiota?

A

Microorganisms present in or characteristics of a special location.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is indigenous (resident) microbiota?

A

Microbial flora typically occupying a particular niche, given diversity of environmental conditions, organisms tend to segregate
• Can include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, and arthropods.
• Highest number in large intestines
• Benefits host by protecting from harmful bacteria
• Body has 10^13 cells and 10^14 bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is transient flora?

A

Microbial flora only temporary occupying a given niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a niche (ecological niche)?

A

Place of an organism within its community. Unique position occupied by a particular species, perceived in terms of actual physical space occupied and function performed within ecosystem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an opportunistic microbe?

A

Microbes that causes little clinical or pathological disturbances in the normal bodily state but can become invasive and cause disease when defenses are compromised.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the places for normal microbial flora on a normal animal body.

A 
Skin
Respiratory tract (Nose and Nasopharynx. Mouth and Oropharynx)
Eye (conjunctiva) and outer ear
Intestinal tract
Genitourinary tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List Koch’s postulates.

A
  1. The organism must always be present, in every
    case of the disease.
  2. The organism must be isolated from a host
    containing the disease and grown in pure culture.
  3. Samples of the organism taken from pure culture
    must cause the same disease when inoculated into
    a healthy, susceptible animal in the laboratory.
  4. The organism must be isolated from the inoculated
    animal and must be identified as the same original
    organism first isolated from the originally diseased
    host.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name the areas where normal microbial flora on an animal body can be found.

A 
Skin
Respiratory tract (Nose and Nasopharynx. Mouth and Oropharynx)
Eye (conjunctiva) and outer ear
Intestinal tract
Genitourinary tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name the sterile sites of a host

A

Brain (CNS)
Blood, tissue, organ systems
Sinuses, inner and middle ear
Lower respiratory tract - Larynx, trachea, bronchioles, Bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, posterior urethra
Uterus, endometrium, fallopian tubes, cervix, endocervix

21
Q

What is the resident flora of the skin?

A
  • Mostly staphylococcus species

* Microbes colonize the epidermis

22
Q

What is the resident flora of the oral cavity?

A
  • Streptococcus species
  • Colonization of cheeks, teeth, and gums
  • Very abundant population
  • Aerobic and anaerobic
23
Q

What is the resident flora of the stomach and intestine?

A
  • Gastric heliobacter pylori
  • Microbes like e. coli, lactobacillus
  • Large intestine mostly anaerobic bacteria
  • Makes up 10-30% of fecal volume
24
Q

What is the resident flora of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • Streptococcus and Staphylococcus
  • Microbes often from skin or oral cavity
  • Lower respiratory tract should be sterile
25
Q

What is the resident flora of the genital tract?

A
  • Microbes like lactobacillus, etc.
  • Vaginal flora influenced by hormones
  • Change in flora before and after puberty
26
Q

What is the resident flora of the urethra?

A
  • Many opportunistic microbes

* Often from skin near urethral orifice size

27
Q

What are the roles of the normal flora?

A
  1. Common source of infection for opportunistic microbes
  2. Immune Stimulation
  3. Keeping out invaders
  4. Nutrition and metabolism
28
Q

What are the factors controlling the growth of microorganisms?

A
  1. Nutrient availability (accessibility of a resource that would provide nourishment to maintain life)
  2. Physical/environmental parameters (osmotic pressure, oxygen, pH, temperature)
  3. Competition (simultaneous demand by two or more organisms or species for necessary, common resource, or physical space in limited supply)
  4. Host immune system
29
Q

What does it mean when an organism is fastidious?

A

That the organism has a complex structure nutritional or cultural requirements, making isolation and culture more difficult.

30
Q

What are the different types of extremeophilic organisms (in regards to temperature)?

A

Psycrophile: optimal growth at 15˚ to 20˚ C.
Mesophile: optimal growth at 20˚ to 45˚ C.
Thermophile: optimal growth at 50˚ to 70˚ C.

31
Q

How are infectious agents acquired?

A
  1. Portal of entry/exit (Ingestion, inhalation, direct penetration i.e. surgical procedure, needlestick, arthropod bite, sexual transmission, or transplacental)
  2. Colonization
  3. Invasion
  4. Multiplication
32
Q

What is adherence (attachment) in regards to infectious agents?

A

Close association of bacterial cells and host cells generally characterized by receptors on target sites.

33
Q

What is adhesin?

A

Structure or macromolecule located on the surface of the cell or extracellularly that facilitates adherence of a cell to a surface of another cell (site of attachment is often a specific receptor while the adherence itself may be non specific.

34
Q

What are invasins?

A

Structures or macromolecules that facilitate an invasion by a pathogenic organism.

35
Q

What are the types of transmissions of disease?

A
  1. Entrance, colonization, penetration (depends on the age, nutrition, general health, immunological state, and virulence factors)
  2. Vector (a carrier that transfers the infectious agent from one animal to another; usually an arthropod)
  3. Carrier (symptomless individual who has the potential to pass the pathogen to others)
  4. Nosocomial infections (an infection acquired in a hospital setting that was not present in the host prior to admission)
36
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

quality of producing disease or ability to produce pathologic changes or disease

37
Q

What is virulence?

A

a measure of pathogenicity; measurement of degree of disease-producing ability of a microorganism as indicated by severity of disease

38
Q

What is dosage?

A

number of pathogenic microorganisms entering a host

39
Q

What is a true pathogen?

A

any microorganism capable of causing disease; an infecting agent

40
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

a usually harmless microorganism that becomes pathogenic under favorable conditions causing an opportunistic infection.

41
Q

What is an infection?

A

colonization and/or invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms in a host with or without manifestation of disease

42
Q

What is disease?

A

abnormal condition of body function(s) or structure that is considered harmful to the affected individual (host); any deviation from or interruption of normal structure or function of any part, organ or body system.

43
Q

What does it mean if something is contagious?

A

it is capable of being transmitted from one host to another; communicable; infectious

44
Q

What is an infectious dose?

A

the number of pathogenic organisms required to cause disease in a given host (dosage)

45
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

disease occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy

46
Q

What is an endemic?

A

a disease present or usually prevalent in a population or geographic area at all times

47
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

a widespread epidemic distributed or occurring widely throughout a region, country, continent, or globally.

48
Q

What are the four criteria established by Robert Koch to identify causative agents of a particular disease? (Koch’s postulates)

A
  1. microorganism (pathogen) must be present in all causes of disease
  2. Pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
  3. Pathogen from pure culture must cause same disease when inoculated into a susceptible animal
  4. Pathogen must be reisolated from new host and shown to be the same as that originally inoculated

Kevin's infectious disease (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions