Preventative care strategies 1 Flashcards
Impact of animal diseases
- Economic risks (productivity losses, market disruptions, livelihood risks)
- Human heath risks (pandemic disease, endemic disease, food borne illnesses)
Prevention of infectious disease
Defined as inhibiting the introduction or establishment of a disease into an area, herd, or individual
Control of infectious disease
- The term ‘Control’ is a more appropriate term when the infectious disease is already present, and pertains to Containment of the Disease.
- Control efforts consist of the steps taken to reduce the problem to a tolerable level.
Eradication of an infectious disease
Involves complete elimination of the pathogen or
the disease-causing agent from a defined geographic region.
Levels in prevention of a disease
• Primary: Prevention - Avoid occurrence of
Infectious disease
•Secondary (failed primary step): Minimizing - Minimize resultant damage after disease has occurred
• Tertiary (failed primary and secondary step): Rehabilitation, management of the disease
Primary prevention
- Aimed at maintaining a healthy population, by adopting measures to avoid occurrence of disease either through eliminating the pathogen or increasing resistance to disease.
- Includes vaccinations, education, prevention, nutrition
Secondary prevention
•Action which halts the progress of a disease at its
incipient/early stage and prevents complications.
• Relies on “early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and control, such as quarantine”
• Intervention at individual level, but prevent spread of diseases to other individuals in a community.
• Difficult to implement in prolonged asymptomatic (symptom-free) infection, including asymptomatic carrier states (as difficult to detect).
Tertiary prevention
Elimination of long term impairment due to disease
Farm biosecurity
- Comprises all measures taken to minimize the risk of the introduction and the spread of infectious agents.
- External: Measures taken to prevent an infectious disease from entering or leaving the farm
- Internal: Measures taken to combat spread of an infectious disease within the farm
Purchasing policy biosecurity
• Adopt a Closed Herd System, avoid buying animals from outside (Difficult to follow.)
• Reduce the number of new animals brought to the farm. More animals = More Risk.
• Limit the number of farms or sources from where you are buying the animals.
• Determine the vaccination & health status of newly purchased animals and of the herd of origin.
• Farms from which you buy animals or semen should have a higher sanitary status.
• Quarantine or keep newly arrived animals in isolation, away from the main herd.
• The quarantine period should be long enough and depend upon the incubation
period of important infectious diseases.
• Use the quarantine period to test the animals for possible and important infectious diseases.
• Vaccinate, if necessary.
Incubation period
The time elapsed between infection and when clinical
symptoms are first apparent.
Principle of the dirty road and the clean road
- Clean staff/animal walks into the farm from one path/road
* Dirty substances (manure, dead animals, feed, outside visitors) go through another entrance, the dirty path/road
Biosecurity for vehicles
- Cleaning and disinfecting vehicles when using them for livestock transportation between different farms.
- Maintain a log book of all traffic that enter and leave the farm.
Biosecurity for people
- Keep Visitors to the minimum.
- Current Health record/history of Visitor and Workers.
- Maintain a log book of all entering and leaving the Farm.
- Make Visitors aware of farm protection methods. Train and Educate Farm workers.
- Discourage visitors from entering the housing and feeding areas, and touching animals.
- Ensure supply of clean rubber boots or plastic disposable boots and clean coveralls.
- Provide a footbath containing disinfectant before entering Stables.
- Insist workers wash their hands before and after handling animals.
- Insist workers wear protective plastic or rubber gloves when required, such as for calving cows
- Establish a working line. Attend animals in order of increasing age groups, and at the last, visit sick animals.
- In most farms, Visitors and Staff should pass through the Hygiene Lock/Dressing Room before entering and leaving the Farm.
Biosecurity for fodder and water
• Try to avoid feeding of animal byproducts/waste.
Feeding of uncooked pork scraps (in Swill-Feeding) caused epidemics of Swine Fever.
• Purchase feed from suppliers with quality assurance and monitoring programs.
• Protect feeds from contamination, ensure Proper storage facilities.
• Design and build storage facilities where animals do not cross feeding alleys.
• Protect feed from manure contamination.
• Monitor water quality and assure clean delivery systems.
Biosecurity for equipment
- Do not share equipment or vehicles between farms.
- Avoid using manure handling equipment for handling feeds.
- To avoid contamination, use different sets of equipment in different sections of Farm, often indicate by colors.
- Clean and sanitize equipment and materials used for handling dead animals/birds.
- Wash farm clothing and boots with detergents and bleach or washing soda.
Biosecurity for housing and management
- Minimize contact between young and older animals or consecutive production batches.
- Maintain optimal Stocking density. High stocking density facilitates disease spread, and also increases stress, lowering immunity and predisposing animals to infectious disease.
- Adoption of the All-in and All-out housing system
All in and all out system
- A production system whereby animals are moved into and out of facilities in distinct groups.
- By preventing contact between groups, disease spread can be reduced.
- Facilities are normally cleaned and disinfected thoroughly between groups of animals
Vermin and bird control
- Prevent contact with free roaming animals (e.g. wildlife, cats, dogs, etc.).
- Minimize bird contact
- Maintain a rodent and insect control program.
- Secure all feed storage areas and clean up spilled feed to minimize access by pests.
- Pasture management, for Microbes and Parasitic Diseases.
Monitoring animal health
- Individually identify every animal.
- Keep health records on every animal.
- Review and update your vaccination and treatment protocols at least twice a year.
- Monitor and inspect animals at least daily for signs of illness.
- Isolation of sick animals from rest of Herd, Quarantine.
- Undertake Treatment of Sick Animals.
- Promptly euthanize (Cull/Kill) animals that are not going to recover.
- Perform Necropsy. Send samples for Laboratory Testing.
- Initiate Control measures for that Disease.
- Disinfect Sick Pens after Sick animals have been removed.
Disposal of cadavers/bodies of dead animals
- Remove Cadaver as soon as possible from the stables.
- Store them in a well insulated place, such as in cadaver storage room.
- Use a cooled cadaver storage room.
- Dispose dead animals within 48 hours of their death.
- Dispose all contaminated bedding, milk, manure or feed.
- Disinfect the Cadaver room.
Common methods of disposal of dead bodies: burying
- Far away from Farm or other farms and inhabited areas.
- Avoid carcass being scavenged by dogs, birds and other animals. Therefore, It is better to over-dig than under-dig.
- Avoid areas with drainage systems nearby.
- Adding of disinfectants, such as Lime. Now not recommended.
Common methods of disposal of dead bodies: composting
- Natural breakdown of carcass.
- Can be used as Fertilizer.
- Use of substrates in Compost Pile, such as Sawdust, Straw, Hay to obtain proper moisture and Carbon:Nitrogen Ratio (6:1) required for composting.
- Compost pile should be away from farm, drainage areas and inhabited areas.
- Avoid Scavenging.
Common methods of disposal of dead bodies: incineration/burning
….it’s burning the body
Host factors of infectious diseases
- Breed, age
- Immunocompetence
- Nutrition status
- Stress levels
- Overall health
Pathogen factors of infectious diseases
- Thorough knowledge on pathogen
- Transmission
- Incubation period
- Clinical signs
- Shedding pattern
- Effective disinfectants
- Carrier state.
General considerations in prevention and control
- Avoid Overcrowding
- Maintain temperature, humidity, ventilation
- Separate enclosures, such as for puppies/kittens, newly arrived pets and pets with known exposure to disease
- Designated isolation and quarantine wards
- Disinfection, sanitation and pest control
- Reduction of stress
- Ecto- and endo-parasite control
- Good nutrition
- Vaccination
- Behavioral wellness/enrichment
- Routine health monitoring and record keeping
Decontamination
- Decontamination is a term used to describe a process or treatment that renders a medical device, instrument, or environmental surface safe to handle.
- A decontamination procedure can range from sterilization to simple cleaning with soap and water.
- Sterilization, disinfection and antisepsis are all forms of decontamination.
Sterilization
- A process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life/pathogens, including highly resistant pathogens, such as Bacteria with Spores.
- No degrees of sterilization: an all-or-nothing process
Disinfection
• A process that eliminates many or all pathogenic
microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects.
• Less effective than sterilization, does not necessarily kill all microorganisms.
Antisepsis
The application of a liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue to inhibit or destroy microorganisms.
Sterilization methods
• Moist Heat: Use of steam. Autoclave (Use of steam heated
to 121°C (250 °F) for at least 15 min in 15 psi pressure).
• Dry Heat: Hot air oven, at least two hours at 160 °C (320 °F).
• Chemical Methods:
- Gases like Ethylene oxide, Ozone.
- Chemicals like Hydrogen peroxide at high concentrations.
• Radiation:
- Non-ionizing: Ultraviolet Radiation.
- Ionizing: Gamma rays, X-Rays
• Sterile Filtration:
- Microfiltration using membrane filters
(pore size
Hand Hygiene
• Hand hygiene is the most important way to prevent the spread of infection.
• Gloves are not a substitute for hand hygiene.
• Hands should be washed before and after:
- Each patient
- After activities likely to cause contamination
- Before eating, drinking or smoking
- After leaving clinical areas
- After removing gloves
• Soap: Bar soaps not acceptable, use liquid or foam soap with antibacterial activity
- Skin disinfectants may be used
Sequence for putting on Personal protective equipment (PPE)
- Gown (Neck to knees, all the way down to the wrist, and around the back.
- Mask
- Protective eyewhere for face shield
- Gloves (cover the wrist)
Sequence of removal for Personal protective equipment (PPE)
- Gloves
- Protective eyewhere or face shield
- Gown
- Mask
Veterinary standards precautions
• Prevention of bites and other animal-related injuries
- Use of physical restraints, bite-resistant gloves, muzzles, sedation, or anesthesia
• Sharps safety. Needlestick injury prevention.
• Use of Barriers, such as gloves, masks, etc.
• Extreme care and precautions during procedures involving surgery, obstetrics, and handling diagnostic specimens.
• Proper decontamination and disposal of Veterinary Waste.
• Vaccination of Vets against recommended Zoonotic Diseases.
