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Infections > zoonoses > Flashcards

zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

What is zoonosis

A

Infectious diseases that can be transmitted between humans and animals

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2
Q

what is enzoonotic

A

endemic to the area and usually human to human transmittion does not occur

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3
Q

What are the common UK zoonosis

A

Campylobacter
salmonella
toxoplasma
psittacosis
Q fever
ring worm

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4
Q

If a pathogen relies on a human in part of it’s life cycle is it zoonosis

A

No , common examples are - malaria, schistosomiasis, oncoceriasis and elephantiasis

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5
Q

What is anthroponosis with examples

A

reverse zoonosis - humans infecting animals e.g influenza, strep throat, leishmaniasis and chytridiomycosis

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6
Q

What organism causes lyme’s disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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7
Q

How is lyme disease transmitted

A

by hard tick - ixodes ricinus

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8
Q

What is the presentation of lyme’s disease

A

Erythema migrans - the dart board look which occurs one to two weeks after the bite - it is a clinical diagnosis of Lyme disease

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of lyme disease

A

early signs - fever, chills, headaches and fatigue

Later signs - facial palsy, irregular heart beat, dizziness and erythema migrans

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10
Q

What is a complication of Lyme disease which affects the nervous system

A

Neuroborreliosis - triad of facial palsy, radicular pain (pain from back and hips into legs and thigh) and lymphocytic meningitis

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11
Q

What is the treatment for Lyme disease

A

First line - doxycycline
2nd line - amoxicillin - used first line in children

With neuro Lyme (Neuroborreliosis) - ceftriaxone is first line

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12
Q

What pathogens cause leptospirosis

A

Spriochete - L. icterohaemorrhagica and L. hardjo

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13
Q

How does leptospirosis spread

A

Usually a resovoir in rats and goes out in rat urine into water supply which is how it is transmitted to humans

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14
Q

If someone is doing water sports which zoonosis is most likely

A

Leptospirosis

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of leptospirosis

A

Undifferentiated fever, myalgia, headaches and abdominal paim

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16
Q

What is seen in severe leptospirosis

A

Weil’s disease - triad of jaundice, AKI and bleeding
Pulmonary haemorrhage
Fatality

17
Q

What are the investigations for leptospirosis

A

Serology - study of blood serum - IgG and IgM
Microscopic agglutination test

18
Q

What is the treatment of leptospirosis

A

First line - doxycycline
Second line - amoxicillin and azithromycin - if severe give IV ceftriaxone

19
Q

How is rabies virus transmitted

A

Animal bite

20
Q

What is the incubation time of rabies

A

very long - can range from months to years

21
Q

Describe how rabies virus infects the body

A

The virus enters through the tissue through a bite by an animal - it then travels through he peripheral nervous system to the CNS and spinal cord - The virus then ascends the spinal cord and reaches the brain which causes encephalitis - it then spreads to salivary glands and other organs

22
Q

Why is the bite location important in rabies

A

The further from the brain it is, the longer it will take to get up to the brain

23
Q

What are the symptoms of rabies

A

Furious symptoms - more common -
Hydrophobia - due to virus in salivary gland not wanting their host to intake of water
insomnia
confusion
agitation
coma

Paralytic symptoms - less common -
Ascending flaccid paralysis from bite mark
fever
confusion
coma

24
Q

What investigations are done in rabies

A

PCR of skin biopsy and of saliva

25
Q

What is the treatment for rabies

A

milwaukee protocol - 5 different antivirals and anti-inflammatories

post exposure vaccine -

If fully immunised - 2 doses - one on day 0 and the other day 3-7

If not immunised - give HRIG - human specific rabies immunoglobulin around bite site and give 4 doses of post exposure vaccine : days 0,3,7,21

If immunocompromised and not vaccinated do the same as not immunised but add an extra dose of post exposure vaccine

26
Q

What is ebola

A

A filovirus from africa

Filovirus- looks like a string

27
Q

What are the host of ebola

A

Bats which then transmit to other animals which ten transmit to humans

28
Q

What is the incubation period of ebola

A

2-21 days

29
Q

What are the symptoms of ebola

A

Dry - fever, fatigue and aches and pains

Wet - vomiting, diarrhoea and haemorrhage - wet is the most worrying due to risk of dehydration and bleeding out

30
Q

What investigations are done for ebola

A

PCR
Serology - IgM and IgG

31
Q

What is the treatment for ebola

A

INMAZEB - 3 monoclonal antibodies that prevent the virus getting into host cells

EBANGA - 1 monoclonal antibody that works the same way as INMAZEB

32
Q

What vaccinations are used in ebola

A

Ervebo - one dose during an outbreak

Zabdeno and MVAbea - one dose of each with a gap in between

33
Q

How do people get infected with brucellosis

A

Unpasteurised milk products

34
Q

How is toxoplasmosis transmitted

A

Infected cat poo

35
Q

What are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis

A

fever, swollen glands and muscle aches

36
Q

What transmits q fever to humans

A

cattle, sheep and other domesticated animals

37
Q

How is psittacosis transmitted

A

From birds to humans

Infections (13 decks)

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