Zoonoses Flashcards
What is zoonosis?
Infectious diseases spread naturally between humans and animals
How are zoonotic diseases usually transmitted?
Airborne
Direct contact with animals e.g. bite
Food borne e.g. drinking contaminated meat or milk
Close proximity to animals
Give some examples of bacterial zoonotic diseases.
Salmonella related conditions
Campylobacter related conditions
Plague
Shigella
Give some examples of viral zoonotic diseases.
Rabies
Avian influenza
Ebola
Yellow fever
Crimean=Congo Haemorrhagic fever
Give some examples of parasitic zoonotic diseases.
Cysticercosis
Toxoplasmosis
Visceral larva migrans
Give some examples of fungal zoonotic diseases.
Dermatophytosis
Sporotrichosis
List some of the more common UK zoonotic conditions.
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Toxoplasma
Ringworm/dermatophytosis
Q-fever
Psittacosis
Why are the following not considered to be a zoonotic disease?
Malaria, Schistosomiasis, Onchocerciasis, Elephantiasis
All of these are transmitted by animals, like zoonotic conditions, but depend of humans as a host for part of their life cycle
Anthroponosis?
Reverse zoonosis
Humans infecting animals
Give some examples of anthroponosis.
Influenza
Strep throat
Leishmaniasis
Chytridiomycosis
Why is there increasing pathogen emergence?
Change in land use
Human population growth
Globalisation and air travel (things can be spread across the world)
Changing human behaviours e.g. travel, eating, exotic pets
How is lyme disease transmitted?
By ticks
In which animal does Lyme disease originate?
Wild deer
When is it most common to get Lyme disease?
In the summer
What is the classic sign of Lyme disease?
Erythema migrans (bullseye bite)
->if they have this, no further tests required, this is diagnostic as so specific
When does the erythema migrans appear?
Anywhere between 3-90 days after the bite
What are some of the early symptoms of Lyme disease?
Fever
Chills
Headache
Fatigue
What are some of the later symptoms of Lyme disease?
Facia palsy
Irregular heartbeat
Dizziness
How can Lyme disease affect the brain?
Can cause neuroborreliosis, a triad of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain and lymphocytic meningitis
How long after the bite doe the symptoms of neuroborreliosis occur?
2-6 weeks after bites
If you suspect Lyme disease but the patient does not have erythema migrans, what gets done?
ELISA test
What is the treatment of Lyme disease?
Doxycycline
Amoxicillin alterative
What is the treatment of Lyme disease if worried about neuroborreliosis?
IV ceftriaxone
What is Leptospirosis?
One of the most widespread zoonosis
Has many reservoir hosts, commonly rats via urine
Penetrates abraded skin or mucous membranes and causes systemic illness
Which zoonotic condition would be likely in someone who partakes in water sports?
Leptospirosis
What are some of the symptoms of leptospirosis?
Undifferentiated fever; myalgia, headaches, abdo pain
Severe in 5-15%:
Weil’s triad- jaundice, AKI, bleeding
Pulmonary haemorrhage
->in severe, fatality rate is 5-40%
Which investigations are used in the investigation of leptospirosis?
Serology of IgM and IgG
Microscopic agglutination test
What is the treatment for leptospirosis?
Doxycycline
Amoxicillin or azithromycin as second line
What is the treatment for severe leptospirosis?
Ceftriaxone
If someone has an acute infection of leptospirosis, which is seen IgG or IgA?
IgA
->idk think A for acute
Rabies?
Viral infection transmitted by the bite of an infected animal
What are some of the animals which can transmit rabies?
Dogs
Bats
Monkeys
Foxes
Raccoons
Skunks
How long is the incubation of rabies?
1-3 months typically but could be years
Symptoms of rabies can either be furious or paralytic.
What are some of the furious symptoms of rabies?
Hydrophobia
Insomnia
Confusion
Agitation
Coma
Symptoms of rabies can either be furious or paralytic.
What are some of the paralytic symptoms of rabies?
Ascending flaccid paralysis
Fever
Confusion
Coma
Why can people with rabies have hydrophobia??
This is interesting
The virus is in the salivary glands so is trying to prevent you diluting it down with water!
What are the investigations used in rabies?
PCR of skin biopsy, saliva
What is the treatment of rabies?
No standard treatment regime
Milwakee protocol can be used but often not effective
Post-exposure, rabies vaccine can be given.
How many doses if the patient has already be fully vaccinated against rabies?
2 doses- one on the day of the bite and one 3-7 days after
Post-exposure, rabies vaccine can be given.
How many doses if the patient has is not immunised against rabies?
HRIG and 4 doses on days 0, 3, 7, 21 after bite
Post-exposure, rabies vaccine can be given.
How many doses if the patient has is not immunised against rabies AND is immunocompromised?
HRIG and 5 doses on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 30 after bite
What is the ecology of ebola?
Reservoir host e.g. bats biting another animal in which humans will come into close contact with
Is Ebola transmitted from humans to humans?
Yes- highly infective
What is the usual incubation period of Ebola?
2-21 days
What are the symptoms of Ebola?
Dry- fever, fatigue, aches and pains
Wet- vomiting, diarrhoea and haemorrhage
Which investigations are used in Ebola?
PCR
Serology- IgM and IgG
What is the treatment for Ebola?
INMAZEB- 3 monoclonal antibodies
EBANGA- 1 monoclonal antibody
->bind to the virus to prevent it causing disease and damage
