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Year 2- Infectious Disease > Zoonoses > Flashcards

Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

Infectious diseases spread naturally between humans and animals

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2
Q

How are zoonotic diseases usually transmitted?

A

Airborne
Direct contact with animals e.g. bite
Food borne e.g. drinking contaminated meat or milk
Close proximity to animals

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3
Q

Give some examples of bacterial zoonotic diseases.

A

Salmonella related conditions
Campylobacter related conditions
Plague
Shigella

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4
Q

Give some examples of viral zoonotic diseases.

A

Rabies
Avian influenza
Ebola
Yellow fever
Crimean=Congo Haemorrhagic fever

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5
Q

Give some examples of parasitic zoonotic diseases.

A

Cysticercosis
Toxoplasmosis
Visceral larva migrans

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6
Q

Give some examples of fungal zoonotic diseases.

A

Dermatophytosis
Sporotrichosis

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7
Q

List some of the more common UK zoonotic conditions.

A

Salmonella
Campylobacter
Toxoplasma
Ringworm/dermatophytosis
Q-fever
Psittacosis

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8
Q

Why are the following not considered to be a zoonotic disease?

Malaria, Schistosomiasis, Onchocerciasis, Elephantiasis

A

All of these are transmitted by animals, like zoonotic conditions, but depend of humans as a host for part of their life cycle

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9
Q

Anthroponosis?

A

Reverse zoonosis
Humans infecting animals

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10
Q

Give some examples of anthroponosis.

A

Influenza
Strep throat
Leishmaniasis
Chytridiomycosis

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11
Q

Why is there increasing pathogen emergence?

A

Change in land use
Human population growth
Globalisation and air travel (things can be spread across the world)
Changing human behaviours e.g. travel, eating, exotic pets

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12
Q

How is lyme disease transmitted?

A

By ticks

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13
Q

In which animal does Lyme disease originate?

A

Wild deer

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14
Q

When is it most common to get Lyme disease?

A

In the summer

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15
Q

What is the classic sign of Lyme disease?

A

Erythema migrans (bullseye bite)

->if they have this, no further tests required, this is diagnostic as so specific

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16
Q

When does the erythema migrans appear?

A

Anywhere between 3-90 days after the bite

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17
Q

What are some of the early symptoms of Lyme disease?

A

Fever
Chills
Headache
Fatigue

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18
Q

What are some of the later symptoms of Lyme disease?

A

Facia palsy
Irregular heartbeat
Dizziness

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19
Q

How can Lyme disease affect the brain?

A

Can cause neuroborreliosis, a triad of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain and lymphocytic meningitis

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20
Q

How long after the bite doe the symptoms of neuroborreliosis occur?

A

2-6 weeks after bites

21
Q

If you suspect Lyme disease but the patient does not have erythema migrans, what gets done?

A

ELISA test

22
Q

What is the treatment of Lyme disease?

A

Doxycycline
Amoxicillin alterative

23
Q

What is the treatment of Lyme disease if worried about neuroborreliosis?

A

IV ceftriaxone

24
Q

What is Leptospirosis?

A

One of the most widespread zoonosis
Has many reservoir hosts, commonly rats via urine
Penetrates abraded skin or mucous membranes and causes systemic illness

25
Q

Which zoonotic condition would be likely in someone who partakes in water sports?

A

Leptospirosis

26
Q

What are some of the symptoms of leptospirosis?

A

Undifferentiated fever; myalgia, headaches, abdo pain

Severe in 5-15%:
Weil’s triad- jaundice, AKI, bleeding
Pulmonary haemorrhage

->in severe, fatality rate is 5-40%

27
Q

Which investigations are used in the investigation of leptospirosis?

A

Serology of IgM and IgG
Microscopic agglutination test

28
Q

What is the treatment for leptospirosis?

A

Doxycycline
Amoxicillin or azithromycin as second line

29
Q

What is the treatment for severe leptospirosis?

A

Ceftriaxone

30
Q

If someone has an acute infection of leptospirosis, which is seen IgG or IgA?

A

IgA

->idk think A for acute

31
Q

Rabies?

A

Viral infection transmitted by the bite of an infected animal

32
Q

What are some of the animals which can transmit rabies?

A

Dogs
Bats
Monkeys
Foxes
Raccoons
Skunks

33
Q

How long is the incubation of rabies?

A

1-3 months typically but could be years

34
Q

Symptoms of rabies can either be furious or paralytic.

What are some of the furious symptoms of rabies?

A

Hydrophobia
Insomnia
Confusion
Agitation
Coma

35
Q

Symptoms of rabies can either be furious or paralytic.

What are some of the paralytic symptoms of rabies?

A

Ascending flaccid paralysis
Fever
Confusion
Coma

36
Q

Why can people with rabies have hydrophobia??

A

This is interesting

The virus is in the salivary glands so is trying to prevent you diluting it down with water!

37
Q

What are the investigations used in rabies?

A

PCR of skin biopsy, saliva

38
Q

What is the treatment of rabies?

A

No standard treatment regime
Milwakee protocol can be used but often not effective

39
Q

Post-exposure, rabies vaccine can be given.

How many doses if the patient has already be fully vaccinated against rabies?

A

2 doses- one on the day of the bite and one 3-7 days after

40
Q

Post-exposure, rabies vaccine can be given.

How many doses if the patient has is not immunised against rabies?

A

HRIG and 4 doses on days 0, 3, 7, 21 after bite

41
Q

Post-exposure, rabies vaccine can be given.

How many doses if the patient has is not immunised against rabies AND is immunocompromised?

A

HRIG and 5 doses on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 30 after bite

42
Q

What is the ecology of ebola?

A

Reservoir host e.g. bats biting another animal in which humans will come into close contact with

43
Q

Is Ebola transmitted from humans to humans?

A

Yes- highly infective

44
Q

What is the usual incubation period of Ebola?

A

2-21 days

45
Q

What are the symptoms of Ebola?

A

Dry- fever, fatigue, aches and pains
Wet- vomiting, diarrhoea and haemorrhage

46
Q

Which investigations are used in Ebola?

A

PCR
Serology- IgM and IgG

47
Q

What is the treatment for Ebola?

A

INMAZEB- 3 monoclonal antibodies
EBANGA- 1 monoclonal antibody

->bind to the virus to prevent it causing disease and damage

48
Q
A

Year 2- Infectious Disease (12 decks)

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