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Year 2- Infectious Disease > Influenza > Flashcards

Influenza Flashcards

1
Q

Seasonal influenza typically occurs in the winter months.
Which months are these in the north and south hemispheres?

A

North- Dec-Feb
South- Jun-Aug

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2
Q

Is the influenza virus a DNA or RNA virus?

A

RNA virus

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3
Q

There are three types of influenza- A, B, C.
Which type(s) affect humans?

A

B and C

->A affects birds and mammals

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4
Q

The influenza virus is an envelope virus meaning the genetic information is enclosed in a peptide envelope.

Name two types of antigens found in the influenza envelope.

A

Haemagglutinin (H)
Neuraminidase (N)

-> there are 18 different H antigens and 11 different N antigens and the combination of these results in different types of flu

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5
Q

What does Haemagglutinin do?

A

Facilitates viral attachment and entry to the host cell

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6
Q

What does Neuraminidase do?

A

Enables new virion to be released from the host cell

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7
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Mechanism of genetic variation within the virus itself which occurs continually over time with small, continuous changes

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8
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Abrupt major change in the virus resulting in new H/N combinations

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9
Q

Therefore, what is the difference between antigenic shift and antigenic drift?

A

Antigenic drift- small changes over time
Antigenic shift- sudden big change

->think, if something drifts, it moves slowly compared to something shifting

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10
Q

Which genetic change enables a flu strain to jump from one animal species to another?

A

Antigenic shift

->this process involves two or more different strains combining to form a new subtype e.g. avian flu went from birds to a pig, where a new subtype was made, which then infected humans

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11
Q

What is the difference between seasonal flu and pandemic flu?

A

Seasonal- occurs every winter, 10-15% of population affected, usually unpleasant but not life-threatening

Pandemic flu- occurs sporadically, 25%+ population affected, more serious and more complications

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12
Q

What are the three requirements for a pandemic?

A

Human pathogenicity
‘New’ virus via antigenic shift so susceptible population
Efficient person-person transmission

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13
Q

How is Avian flu spread to humans?

A

Contact with infected birds, either dead or alive

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14
Q

What is the usual incubation period of influenza?

A

2-4 days

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15
Q

What is usually the first symptom of influezna?

A

Abrupt fever which lasts approx 3 days

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16
Q

What are the other symptoms of influenza?

A

Fever plus 2 or more of;

cough, myalgia, headache, malaise

17
Q

What is the usual route of transmission for influenza?

A

Usually airborne/contact

18
Q

How long can a virus survive on non-porous surfaces e.g. tables, door handles etc?

A

24-48hrs

19
Q

How long can a virus survive on porous surfaces e.g. tissue etc?

A

8-12hrs

20
Q

Lis some of the high risk groups of influenza complications.

A

Neurological/hepatic/renal/pulmonary/cardiac disease
Diabetes
Immunosuppression
Young or old
Pregnancy
Morbid obesity

21
Q

What are some of the common respiratory complications of influenza?

A

Acute bronchitis
Secondary bacterial pneumonia
Primary viral pneumonia
Rapid respiratory failure

22
Q

Give an example of a cardiac complication of influenza.

A

Myocarditis
Pericarditis

23
Q

Give some examples of a CNS complication of influenza.

A

Guillain-Barre
Myositis
Mygobolinuria

24
Q

What is used in the investigations of influenza?

A

Throat swabs
CXR- signs of pneumonia
Blood culture
Pulse oximetry
RR
Bloods

25
Q

If SpO2 <92, what needs done?

A

ABG and oxygen

26
Q

What can be used to classify the severity of pneumonia?

A

CURB-65

27
Q

RECAP- CURB-65?

A

Confusion
Urea >7mmol/L
RR >30
BP diastolic <60 or systolic <90
>65yrs

28
Q

What are some of the antiviral therapies which can be used for influenza?

A

Oseltamivir- oral
Zanamivir- oral or IV

29
Q

When is treatment required in influenza?

A

Complicated influenza
Severely immunosuppressed

30
Q

What is the first line treatment for influenza in pregnancy?

A

Same, Oseltamivir is first line

31
Q

When does an individual with influenza become non-infectious?

A

24hrs after last flu symptoms
Or when antiviral therapy is completed

32
Q

Why does the flu vaccine change every year?

A

Prepared based on which viruses considered to be more likely in the forthcoming winter

33
Q
A

Year 2- Infectious Disease (12 decks)

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