Immunisations and Prophylaxis Flashcards
RECAP- what are the two types of immunity?
Innate
Adaptive
In response to infection, which immunoglobulins are produced primarily?
IgM antibody produced first, then IgG
->there was a youtube video that said who do you to fist whenever something is wrong, your Mum so M=mum, IgM produced first
What happens to response speed when the body in exposed to an infection for the second time?
Response occurs a lot more quickly
If using a killed vaccine, how many doses are often needed?
3
If using a live vaccine, how many doses are often needed?
1
Give some examples of live attenuated vaccines.
MMR
BCG
Varicella-zoster virus
Smallpox
Typhoid
Polio
Rotavirus
Which live attenuated vaccines can be taken orally?
Typhoid
Polio
Rotavirus
MMR?
Measles, mumps and rubella
List some inactivated/killed vaccines.
Polio (in combined DTPHib vaccine)
HepA
Cholera
Rabies
Japanese encephalitis
Tick-borne encephalitis
Influenza
Which killed/inactive vaccine can be taken orally?
Cholera
Give two examples of detoxified toxin vaccines.
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Subunit vaccines are composed of protein or glycoprotein components of a pathogen that are capable of inducing a protective immune response.
List some subunit vaccines.
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzae type b
Meningococcal group C
Pneumococcus
Typhoid
Anthrax
HepB
Children are often given vaccines with multiple vaccines at once.
What is included in the Infanrix hexa or the ‘6 in 1 vaccine’?
DTaPIPVHibHBV hahhaha
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Pertussis
Polio
Haemophilus influezae b
HepB
Don’t necessarily need to remember this but what vaccines are given at the age of 2 months?
6-in-1
Rotavirus
MenB
->repeated at various intervals in age
Don’t necessarily need to remember this but what vaccines are given at the age of 2-8?
Influenza nasal
Don’t necessarily need to remember this but what vaccines are given at the age of 3-5?
DTaP/IPV
MMR
Don’t necessarily need to remember this but what vaccines are given at the age of 12-13?
HPV x2
Don’t necessarily need to remember this but what vaccines are given at the age of 14?
dT/IPV booster
Men ACWY
What % of the population need to be vaccinated for herd immuinity?
90-95%
What is the BCG vaccine against?
TB
Who gets the BCG vaccine?
-Some infants in areas with high annual incidence of TB or if parents/grandparents born in areas with higher incidence
-Children screened at school w TB risk factors
-New immigrants from high TB prevalence countries
-Contacts of resp TB patients
-Healthcare workers
Which condition gets a nee vaccine developed every year?
Influenza vaccine
List some of the indications for the influenza vaccines.
Age >65
Nursing home residents
Health care workers
Immunodeficiency
Diabetes
Pregnancy
There are two types of pneumococcal vaccine.
When are they given?
One given in childhood
One given to those at increased risk of pneumococcal infection
Who gets HepB vaccine?
New born children (from 2018, part of 6-1)
Children at high risk exposure to HepB
Healthcare workers
Prisoners
Chronic kidney/liver disease
Who gets the varicella-zoster vaccine (chickenpox)?
Suppressed immune systems e.g. cancer treatment or organ transplant
Healthcare worker
Children at risk of severe chickenpox
Who gets the Herpes zoster vaccine (shingles)?
All elderly patients 70-80
There is such a thing as passive immunisation with immunoglobulins.
What does human normal immunoglobulin contain?
Contains antibodies against HepA, rubella and measles
When may someone be given normal human immunoglobulin for passive immunisation?
Used in immunoglobulin deficiency
Treatment of some autoimmune disorder e.g. myasthenia gravis
Give some examples of disease specific immunoglobulins.
HepB Ig
Rabies Ig
Tetanus anti-toxin Ig
Varicella Zoster Ig
Diptheria anti-toxin Ig
What are some of the general measures given as travel advice?
Care with food/water
Hand washing
Sunburn/sunstroke
Altitude
RTA
Safer sex
Mosquitos- bed nets, sprays, covering up
List some common immunisations for travellers, bearing in mind that some may be booster vaccines.
Tetanus
Polio
Typhoid
HepA
Yellow fever
Cholera
List some of the immunisations for travellers in special circumstances.
Men ACWY
Rabies
Diphtheria
Japanese B encephalitis
Tick borne encephalitis
Antimicrobial prophylaxis?
Use of medicines to prevent infection
Give an example of a disease in which chemoprophylaxis may be given.
Malaria
Give an example when someone may get post-exposure prophylaxis.
Ciprofloxacin for meningococcal disease
Give an example when someone may get HIV post-exposure prophylaxis.
Needle stick injury
Sexual intercourse
When else is prophylaxis routinely given in hospital?
Before surgery
What is the ABCD for malaria prevention?
Awareness of risk
Bite prevention
Chemoprophylaxis
Diagnosis and treatment
What can be done as bite provention?
Cover-up at dawn and dusk
Insect repellent sprays
Mosquito coils
Mosquito bed nets
List some potential chemoprophylaxis against malaria.
Malarone daily
Doxycycline daily
Mefloquine weekly
Chloroquine weekly + proquanil daily
Choice depends on country
Which chemoprophylaxis is not suitable for children?
Doxycycline
