Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2- Infectious Disease > Infectious Diarrhoea > Flashcards

Infectious Diarrhoea Flashcards

1
Q

What are stools like in diarrhoea?

A

Increase in fluidity and frequency of stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are stools like in gastroenteritis?

A

Three or more loose stools / day with accompanying features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are stools like in dysentery?

A

Bloody stools

->type of large bowel inflammation btw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which chart is used to differentiate between types of stool?

A

Bristol stool chart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some of the causes of gastro-enteritis?

A

Food poisoning
Travel related infections
Person-to-person spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A lot of chicken which is intensely farmed can be contaminated with what bacteria which can cause gastro-enteritis?

A

Campylobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which type of microorganism most commonly causes gastroenteritis?

A

Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Despite viruses being the main cause of gastroenteritis, which would be the most common bacteria pathogen causing it?

A

Campylobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some of the defence against enteric* infections?

*intestine related

A

Hygiene
Stomach acidity
Normal gut flora
Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Patients on which type of drug may be more likely to develop gastroenteritis?

A

Those on antacids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give an example of a non-inflammatory gastroenteritis.

A

Cholera

->not seen much clinically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give an example of an inflammatory gastroenteritis.

A

Shigella dysentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give an example of a non-inflammatory/inflammatory mixed gastroenteritis.

A

C,difficle diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Features of non-inflammatory gastroenteritis?

A

Frequent watery stools with little abdominal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the mechanism driving diarrhoea in cholera?

A

Increased cAMP results in loss of Cl from cells along with Na and K
Osmotic effects lead to massive loss of water from the gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the features of inflammatory gastroenteritis?

A

Pain and fever and diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the treatment for diarrhoeal illnesses like gastroenteritis?

A

Rehydration

->sometimes antibiotics also required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some of the features of inflammation?

A

Fever
Raised WCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can hydration be assessed?

A

Postural BP, skin turgor, pulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In diarrhoea, not only water is lost but also electrolytes.
Which electrolytes?

A

Sodium, potassium and chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which investigations would be carried out in investigating a patient with diarrhoea?

A

Stool culture
Blood culture
Renal function
Blood count
Abdominal x-ray or CT is abdomen is distended or tender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Rectal carcinomas lead to the presence of what in stool?

A

Blood and mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Oral rehydration involves a solution with what?

A

Salt and sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the most common type of bacterial gastroenteritis?

A

Campylobacter gastroenteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is important to note about culturing of stool in patients with campylobacter gastroenterirs?

A

Stool culture will be negative for the first 6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Campylobacter gastroenteritis can be harder to link to food poisoning, why?

A

There is up to 7 day incubation period so dietary history may be unreliable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a feature of campylobacter gastroenteritis?

A

Severe abdominal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which conditions can occur after campylobacter gastroenteritis?

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome
Reactive arthritis

29
Q

How long does it take for the symptoms of Salmonella gastroenteritis to present after exposure?

A

<48hrs after exposure

30
Q

How long does the diarrhoea typically last in patients with salmonella gastroenteritis?

A

<10 days

31
Q

What is a common complication of salmonella gastroenteritis?

A

Post-infectious irritable bowel

32
Q

What is E.coli O157 spread from?

A

Infection from contaminated meat or person-person spread

33
Q

What is the typical characteristic of E.coli O157 infection?

A

Frequent bloody stools

34
Q

Which toxin does E.coli O157 produce?

A

Shiga toxin

->important to note that E.coli O157 stays in the gut but the toxin gets into the blood

35
Q

What can the shiga toxin cause to happen?

A

HUS syndrome

->haemolytic anaemia and renal failure

36
Q

What is the treatment for HUS syndrome?

A

Supportive treatment, antibiotics NOT indicated

37
Q

When would gastroenteritis patients be given antibiotics?

A

Immunocompromised
Severe sepsis or invasive infection
Chronic illness e.g. malignancy

38
Q

What is the commonest cause of bacterial food poisoning in the UK?

A

Campylobacter

39
Q

What are some of the more common sources of campylobacter?

A

Chicken, contaminated milk. puppy faeces

40
Q

Why do we in the UK usually avoid infection of Campylobacter from milk?

A

Our milk is pasteurised so any bacteria is destroyed

41
Q

What are the two species of salmonella?

A

Salmonella enterira
Salmonella bongori

42
Q

Which bacteria causes ‘traveller’s diarrhoea’?

A

Enterotoxic E.Coli

43
Q

What is the difference between infection and intoxication?

A

Infection- inject bacteria which then colonises the gut
Intoxication- eating food which is already infected

44
Q

In patients with C.diff diarrhoea, what do they usually have history of?

A

Previous antibiotic treatment

45
Q

Which two toxins does C.diff produce?

A

Enterotoxin and cytotoxin

46
Q

Which treatments can be used to treat C.diffocile?

A

Metronidazole
Oral vancomycin
Fidaxomicin
Stool transplants

47
Q

How can C.diff infection be prevented?

A

Reducing broad spectrum antibiotic prescribing

48
Q

What are the 4C’s which can cause C.difficile infection?

A

Cephalosporins
Co-amoxiclav
Clindamycin
Ciprofloxacin

49
Q

What is the treatment for C.diff infection?

A

Stop the precipitating antibiotic if possible
Follow published treatment algorithm
Oral vancomycin if 2 or more severity markers

->severity markers include raised temperature, raised WCC, acute rising creatinine, suspicion of toxic megacolon

50
Q

What is giardiasis?

A

Infection caused by giardia, a type of protozoa

51
Q

What are the symptoms of giardiasis?

A

Abdominal cramps, bloating, nausea and bouts of watery diarrhoea, malabsorption and failure to thrive

52
Q

What is the transmission of giardiasis?

A

Contaminated water

53
Q

What are the two forms of giaedia?

A

Cysts
Trophozoites

54
Q

Which type of the giardia would be picked up on tool microscopy?

A

Cysts

55
Q

What is the treatment for gliadiasis?

A

Metronidazole

56
Q

Another important UK
parasite is cryptosporidium. What are the two forms?

A

Oocysts
Trophazoites

57
Q

What are the symptoms of Cryptosporidiosis?

A

Watery diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, low grade fever

58
Q

What is the mode of transmission for cryptosporidium?

A

Ingestion of oocysts in faecal contaminated water

59
Q

What is the treatment for cryptosporidium?

A

Rehydration

60
Q

What is one of the long term problems of Entamoeba histolytica infection, a type of imported parasity?

A

Liver abscess

61
Q

How is Entamoeba histolytica infection treated?

A

Metronidazole
Diloanide furoate

62
Q

What is one of the most common causes of viral diarrhoea in children under 5?

A

Rotavirus

63
Q

How is a diagnosis of rotavirus or adenovirus made?

A

Rapid antigen detection

64
Q

Which disease is known as the winter vomiting disease and can cause diarrhoea and vomiting?

A

Norovirus

65
Q

How does norovirus spread?

A

Highly infectious, often hear of hospital or cruise outbreaks

66
Q

How is a diagnosis of norovirus made?

A

PCR

67
Q

Name three organisms which cause localised illness in the intestine.

A

Rotavirus
Noravirus
Cholera

68
Q

Name three organisms which are toxin-mediated.

A

E.Coli O157
C.diff
Staph Aureus

69
Q

I WOULD RECOMMEND THE DIARRHOEAL ILLNESS CBL MODULE REALLY GOOD

A

girl….you better do it

Year 2- Infectious Disease (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions