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Year 2- Infectious Disease > Travel Related Infection > Flashcards

Travel Related Infection Flashcards

1
Q

9Why are travellers at increased risk of infection?

A

Temptation to take risk e.g. food, water, animals, sex
Different epidemiology of some diseases
Incomplete understanding of health hazards
Stress of travel

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2
Q

Why are refugees more prone to infection?

A

Deprivation
Malnutrition
Disease
Injury

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3
Q

List some climate/environment related health problems.

A

Sunburn
Heat exhaustion and heatstroke
Fungal infections
Bacterial skin injuries
Cold injury
Altitude sickness

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4
Q

Infections can be controlled by public health measures. Which kind of measures can be made to reduce risks?

A

Sanitation
Immunization
Education

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5
Q

List some water related infections.

A

Schistosomiasis
Leptospirosis
Liver flukes
Strongyloidiasis
Hookworms
Guinea worms

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6
Q

What insect transmits malaria?

Just to say, I made these flashcards ahead of the in person lecture and the lecturer said that knowing the insects which transmit the following conditions isn’t really undergraduate knowledge. Might be wroth remembering a few though, especially malaria etc.

A

Mosquitos

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7
Q

What insect transmits dengue fever?

A

Mosquitos

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8
Q

What insect transmits Rickettsia infections, like typhus?

A

Ticks

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9
Q

What insect transmits Lesihmaniasis?

A

Sand flies

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10
Q

What insect transmits trypanosomiasis?

A

Tsetse fly

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11
Q

What insect transmits filariasis?

A

Mosquitos

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12
Q

What insect transmits onchocerciasis?

A

Black flies

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13
Q

What is malaira?

A

A parasitic infection of the red blood cells

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14
Q

Where is malaria most prevalent?

A

Africa, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa
India
Botswana
Brazil
Southeast Asia

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15
Q

What is the vector of malaira?

A

Female Anopheles mosquito

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16
Q

Briefly describe the malaria life cycle.

More because I find it interesting tbh

A

Mosquito bites a human
Mosquito injects sporozoites
Sporozoites go to liver and replicate to form merozoites
Merozoites rupture into bloodstream
Patient is infected
Next mosquito comes along and takes some infected RBC’s
Then carries it onto the next person

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17
Q

There are five forms of malaria. Which is the only one which is potentially severe?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Fever
Rigors
Aching bones
Abdominal pain
Headache
Dysuria
Frequency
Sore throat cough

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19
Q

What are the signs of malaria?

A

Often none
Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
Mild jaundice

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20
Q

What are some complications of malaria?

A

Cerebral malaria
Blackwater fever
Pulmonary oedema
Jaundice
Severe anaemia
Algid malaria

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21
Q

How is a diagnosis of malaria made?

A

Thick and thin blood films
Quantitative buffy coat
Rapid antigen tests
PCR

-> lecturer said this a common exam question

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22
Q

List some of the potential complications which would promote the malaria to complicated malaria.

A

Imapired consciousness or seizures
Hypoglycaemia
Parasite count >2%
Spontaneous bleeding
Haemoglobinuria
Renal impairment or pH <7.3
Pulmonary oedema
Shock

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23
Q

Which two drugs are mainly used in the treatment of malaria?

A

Quinine
Artemisinin

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24
Q

What are the treatment options for uncomplicated malaria?

A

Riamet for three days- most common
Quinine as mentioned previously

->if quinine, oral doxycycline or clindamycin is required in addition for possibility of resistance

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25
Q

What are the treatment options for complicated malaria?

A

IV artesunate
IV quinine

->if quinine, oral doxycycline or clindamycin is required in addition for possibility of resistance

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26
Q

Give some examples of malaria control programmes which are in place.

A

Drainage of standing water as mosquito breeding sites
Mosquito killing sprays
Bed nets and mesh windows

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27
Q

What type of infection is typhoid?

A

A type of salmonella infection

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28
Q

Why is typhoid fever widespread?

A

Poor sanitation, unclean drinking water

29
Q

How long is the incubation period of typhoid fever?

A

7 days - 4 weeks

30
Q

What happens in the first week of symptoms in a patient with typhoid fever?

A

Fever, headache, abdominal discomfort, constipation, relative bradycardia, neutrophilia, confusion

31
Q

What happens in the second week of symptoms in a patient with typhoid fever?

A

Fever peaks at 7-10 days
Rose spots
Diarrhoea
Tachycardia
Neutropenia

32
Q

If untreated, which complications can occur in the third week of symptoms in a patient with typhoid fever?

A

Intestinal bleeding
Perforation
Peritonism
Metastatic infections

33
Q

What % of typhoid fever patients get a relapse?

A

10-15%

34
Q

How is a diagnosis of typhoid fever made?

A

Not very easily…

Based on the evolution of features and labs of blood culture and bone marrow culture

35
Q

What is the treatment of typhoid fever?

A

Oral Azithroymycin
IV Ceftriaxone (if patient cannot or will not have oral meds)

36
Q

In which countries is Dengue fever more prevalent?

A

South America, Africa, Southeast Asia

37
Q

RECAP- how is Dengue transmitted?

A

Aedes aegypi tiger mosquito

38
Q

What are the clinical signs of Dengue fever?

A

Sudden fever
Sudden headache, retro-orbital pain
Severe myalgia and arthralgia (muscle and joint pain)
Macular rash
Haemorrhagic signs

39
Q

How is a diagnosis of Dengue fever made?

A

Based on history, rash, blood testing

Lab confirmation made using PCR or serology

40
Q

What is the management of Dengue fever?

A

No specific therapeutic agents

41
Q

What are some of the complications of Dengue fever?

A

Dengue haemorrhagic fever
Dengue shock syndrome

->managed with IV fluids, fresh frozen plasma and platelets

42
Q

Prevention of Dengue fever is better than cure.
What can be used to in attempt to prevent?

A

Avoiding bites
New vaccine in 2016, limited use yet

43
Q

What is the intermediate host for Schistomiasis?

A

Freshwater snails

44
Q

Briefly discus the Schistomiasis lifecycle.

A

Human infected passing faeces into water
Eggs from faeces hatch and parasite goes into freshwater snails
Replication occurs and sporozoites form
Sporozoites hatch into water
Enter the skin

45
Q

What is the first sign of Schistomiasis?

A

Swimmers itch within first few hours

46
Q

What are the symptoms during the invasive phase of Schistomiasis?

A

Cough
Abdominal discomfort
Splenomegaly
Eosinophilia

47
Q

15-20 days after exposure to Schistomiasis, Katayama fever may develop. What are the symptoms of this?

A

Fever
Urticaria (hives)
Lymphadenopathy
Splenomegaly
Diarrhoea

48
Q

In the acute Schistomiasis, what sign occurs when the eggs are deposited in the bowel/bladder?

A

Bowel- dysentery
Bladder- haematuria

49
Q

How is a diagnosis of Schistomiasis made?

A

History
Antibody test
Ova is stool or urine
Rectal snip

50
Q

What is the treatment of Schistomiasis?

A

Praziquantel

->prednisolone if severe

51
Q

What causes typhus/Rickettsiosis?

A

Tick bite- leaves a pink maculopapular rash

52
Q

What are some of the types of Rickettsiosis?

A

Tick typhus
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Epidemic Typhus
Murine or endemic typhus
Scrub typhus

53
Q

What type of Rickettsiosis is the most common type imported to the UK?

A

Tick typhus

54
Q

What are the clinical features of Rickettsiosis?

A

Abrupt onset of swinging fever, headache, confusion, endovasculitis, rash, bleeding

55
Q

How is a diagnosis of Rickettsiosis made?

A

History
Serology

56
Q

What is the management of Rickettsiosis?

A

Tetracycline

57
Q

List some viral haemorrhagic fevers which are serious but rare in the UK.

A

Ebola
Congo-Crimea haemorrhagic fever
Lassa fever
Marburg disease

58
Q

If someone has a viral haemorrhagic fever, what needs to be done?

A

Patient needs to be on a high security infection unit

59
Q

If a patient gets Zika virus in pregnancy, what can happen?

A

Microcephaly and other neurological problems in the child

60
Q

Which syndrome can be caused by Zika virus?

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome

61
Q

What transmits Zika virus?

A

Mosquitos
Sexual contact
Blood transfusion

62
Q

What are the symptoms of Zika virus?

A

Sometimes no or mild symptoms
Headache
Rash
Fever
Malaise
Conjunctivitis
Joint pain

63
Q

Lol, symptoms of Covid-19? xxx

A

Fever
Dry cough
Tiredness
Aches and pains
Nasal congestion
Loss of taste or smell

64
Q

In which travel related conditions maybe there be a rash?

A

Typhoid
Typhus
Dengue Fever

65
Q

In which travel related conditions maybe there be jaundice?

A

Hepatitis
Malaria
Yellow Fever- remember this by yellow and yellow ig

66
Q

In which travel related conditions maybe there be hepatomegaly?

A

Malaria
Typhoid
Amoebic abscess

67
Q

In which travel related conditions maybe there be splenomegaly?

A

Malaria
Typhoid
Visceral leishmaniasis

68
Q
A

Year 2- Infectious Disease (12 decks)

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