zoology lecture exam #2

Question 1

Define asexual reproduction. Describe and be able to identify four forms of asexual reproduction.

Answer 1

genetically identical copies from a single source.
budding, binary fission, fragmentation, parthenogenisis

Question 2

What is parthenogenesis? Give some examples. Why would this process be beneficial?

Answer 2

embryo develops from an unfertilized egg or when egg and sperm fail to fertilize

Question 3

Define sexual reproduction. What are two forms of sexual reproduction?

Answer 3

fusion of gametes made in gonads
bisexual, hermaphroditism

Question 4

What are some advantages and disadvantages to asexual reproduction

Answer 4

Asexual reproduction has the advantage of being faster and requiring only one parent, allowing for rapid population growth, while its main disadvantage is the lack of genetic diversity, making the species less adaptable to changing environments; sexual reproduction

Question 5

Define diploid and haploid. How many sets of chromosomes do gametes have? *This is actually from Introduction material
too!

Answer 5

A diploid cell contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent, while a haploid cell contains only one set of chromosomes; gametes (sex cells like sperm and egg) are haploid, meaning they have only one set of chromosomes each

Question 6

Explain spermatogenesis. Where does spermatogenesis take place? What are the results of the process?

Answer 6

sperm cells are produced in the male reproductive system. this occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

Question 7

Does temperature impact spermatogenesis? How? What adaptations exist to deal with this impact?

Answer 7

it does affect spermatogenisis and makes it produce less. the scrotum protects it from heat.

Question 8

Explain oogenesis. Where does oogenesis take place? What are the results of meiosis?

Answer 8

oogenia will undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytes. it occurs through two divisions of meiosis.
NOTE: produces 3 polar bodies and 1 complete ovum.

Question 8

What is the cloaca?

Answer 8

common chamber for all intestinal, reproductive, and excretory products

Question 9

Define oviparous.

Answer 9

Oviparous: egg laying- outside of the body(egg laying vertebrates)

Question 10

What is the difference between internal and external fertilization?

Answer 10

internal fertilization: sperm fertilized the egg inside of the body.
external fertilization: sperm fertilized egg outside of body .

Question 11

With internal fertilization, where does fertilization typically take place?

Answer 11

inside the female’s reproductive tract, oviduct.
where the sperm meets the egg and fuses into a zygote.

Question 12

What are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 12

prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus and various organelles within their cytoplasm

Question 13

What is the difference between the plasma membrane and a cell wall? What kinds of cells have each?

Answer 13

Plasma Membrane is a type of phospholipid layer available in all types of cells. It protects the protoplasm and checks the passage of molecules inside the cell. Whereas the cell wall is found in the plant cell, fungi, bacteria only.

Question 14

What organelles generate energy for animal cells

Answer 14

mitochondria

Question 15

What organisms are considered the cellular level of organization? With what organisms do we start to see the tissue level
of organization?

Answer 15

cellular level of organization: bacteria and protozoa
we start to see tissue level of organization in Phylum Cnidaria(like jellyfish).

Question 16

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Answer 16

-outside of the body, protective covering
- inside of the body, lines the cavities, organs, and passageways.

Question 17

What is the function of connective tissue?

Answer 17

Connective tissue- cells dispersed in a matrix. supports, protects, and gives structure to organs and tissues.

Question 18

Smooth muscle

Answer 18

smooth muscle- base of hair follicles, walls of blood vessels, within tracts, non-striated, single nucleus.

Question 19

What is the function of nervous tissue? What kinds of cells make up nervous tissue?

Answer 19

receive stimuli, conduct of impulses
two types of cells
neurons(nerves)- cells that transmit the impulse
Neuroglia(glial cells)- supporting neutrons.

Question 20

What is symbiosis? What are different examples of symbiosis? How are they different from each other?

Answer 20

symbiosis is a close and prolonged relationship between 2 organisms of different species.
1) mutualism +/+
2) commensalism +/0
3) paratism +/-

Question 21

What is the difference between an endoparasite and an ectoparasite? Provide examples of each

Answer 21

ectoparasites live on the outer body surface of the host
endoparasites live inside the cells, tissues, or the alimentary canal of the host.

Question 22

What are advantages and disadvantages of being an ectoparasite? What are advantages and disadvantages of being an
endoparasite?

Answer 22

Ectoparasite
Advantage:
-case of dispersal
-safe from host’s immune system
Disadvantage:
-vulnerability to natural enemies
-exposure to external environment
-feeding more difficult
Endoparasite
Advantage:
-ease of feeding
-protected from external environment
-safer from natural enemies
Disadvantage:
-vulnerability to hosts immune system
-dispersal more difficult

Question 23

What are the examples of parasites we covered in Kingdom Protista? What kinds of diseases or symptoms do they cause?

Answer 23

Plasmodium(malaria)
Entamoeba(causes amoebic dysentery)
Trypanosoma(African sleeping sickness)

Question 24

What are the examples of parasites we covered in Phylum Platyhelminthes? What kinds of adaptations do these organisms
have to be effective parasites? What kinds of organisms are used as hosts or intermediates?

Answer 24

Class Cestoda(tapeworms)
- live in digestive tract.
-scolex head with hooks
-absorb nutrients through cell wall

Question 25

What are the examples of parasites we covered in Phylum Nematoda? How do these organisms come into contact with
humans?

Answer 25

Roundworms
-Ascaris
-Necator americanus- hookworm
- enters through skin contact with soil.
- Enterobius Vermicularis- pin worm
-inhaling or digesting eggs

Question 26

What are the examples of parasites we covered in Phylum Arthropoda? What kinds of adaptations do these organisms
have to be effective parasites?

Answer 26

Tick, lice, botflies (animals with exoskeleton)
Crustacean- tongue eating louse

Question 27

What examples of parasites did we cover from Phylum Chordata? What kinds of organisms are the hosts?

Answer 27

Animals with spinal cords
Lamprey
Candiru

Question 28

Explain what processes occur when sperm fertilizes the egg? What prevents multiple sperm from fertilizing the egg?

Answer 28

fertilization cone forms where the sperm contacts the vitelline membrane.
Fast block;slow block (cortical reaction)
forms the fertilization membrane= permanent physical barrier to other sperm.

Question 29

Why is the yolk important when talking about development

Answer 29

• provides nutrients

Question 30

What impact does yolk have on cleavage?

Answer 30

if yolk is too dense in a particular area, cleavage can be incomplete.

Question 31

What is meroblastic and holoblastic cleavage?

Answer 31

meroblastic- cleavage only occursin part of the egg
holoblastic- complete cleavage

Question 32

What is the difference between radial and spiral cleavage?

Answer 32

Spiral- upper level cells stacked/packed in between the lower cells(protostomes)
Radial- upper cells are on top of lower cells. (deutorostomes)

Question 33

What is blastulation? What is the blastocoel? Ba able to draw a blastula

Answer 33

Blastulation is where cleavage develops up until.
A blastocoel is when cells are layered around d a fluid filled cavity.
Blastula- ball of cells

Question 34

What is gastrulation? How is this related to the ectoderm and endoderm germ layers? Draw a picture of a gastrula

Answer 34

Blastula develops into 2-3 germ layer embryo.
One side of the blastula undergoes invagination (inward bending)
Other layer is formed (ectoderm, endoderm)

Question 35

What does it mean to be diploblastic versus triploblastic? What layers are present in each?

Answer 35

diploblastic is 2 layers (endoderm, ectoderm)
Triploblastic is 3 layers (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm)

Question 36

define oviviparous

Answer 36

Ovoviparous: fertilized egg will stay in the oviduct or uterus until hatching. (fish, reptiles)

Question 37

define viviparous

Answer 37

Viviparous: fertilized egg(without a shell) developed in the oviduct or ovaries.(mammals, lizards, snakes)

Question 38

simple squamous epithelial:

Answer 38

single layer of cells, lines vessels, lines lungs, lines cavities, allows for easy diffusion of small molecules(O2 and CO2)

Question 39

What are some advantages and disadvantages to sexual reproduction?

Answer 39

provides genetic diversity through the mixing of genes from two parents, enhancing adaptation but requiring more time and energy to find a mate and reproduce.

Question 40

Loose connective tissue

Answer 40

anchors blood vessels and nerves

Question 41

cartilage

Answer 41

makes up nose and ears
bone

Question 42

dense connective tissue

Answer 42

forms tendons and ligaments

Question 43

simple cuboidal:

Answer 43

lines ducts(of glands) and tubules(kidneys), secretion and absorption of molecules.

Question 44

bone tissue

Answer 44

connective

Question 45

simple columnar

Answer 45

tall, column like, secretion and absorption of molecules. lining of digestive system,, gallbladder, uterine tubes.

Question 46

stratified squamous

Answer 46

many layers, protection against stress and abrasion. skin, lining of esophagus, anus, vagina.

Question 47

transitional epithelium

Answer 47

many layers, oddly shaped
urinary system(bladder)
ability to stretch

Question 48

Isolecithal

Answer 48

• evenly distributed throughout (mollusks, mammals)

Question 49

Mesocecithal

Answer 49

• moderate amount located on the vegetal pole (amphibians)

Question 50

Telocithal

Answer 50

• abundance pf yolk on the vegetal side(birds, reptiles)

Question 51

Centrolecithal

Answer 51

• large, centrally located yolk(insects).

Question 52

skeletal muscle

Answer 52

striated, voluntary movement, invertebrates and vertebrates, multi-nucleated

Question 53

cardiac muscles

Answer 53

• only the vertebrate heart, 1 nucleus, branched.