zoology lecture exam #2 Flashcards
Define asexual reproduction. Describe and be able to identify four forms of asexual reproduction.
genetically identical copies from a single source.
budding, binary fission, fragmentation, parthenogenisis
What is parthenogenesis? Give some examples. Why would this process be beneficial?
embryo develops from an unfertilized egg or when egg and sperm fail to fertilize
Define sexual reproduction. What are two forms of sexual reproduction?
fusion of gametes made in gonads
bisexual, hermaphroditism
What are some advantages and disadvantages to asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction has the advantage of being faster and requiring only one parent, allowing for rapid population growth, while its main disadvantage is the lack of genetic diversity, making the species less adaptable to changing environments; sexual reproduction
Define diploid and haploid. How many sets of chromosomes do gametes have? *This is actually from Introduction material
too!
A diploid cell contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent, while a haploid cell contains only one set of chromosomes; gametes (sex cells like sperm and egg) are haploid, meaning they have only one set of chromosomes each
Explain spermatogenesis. Where does spermatogenesis take place? What are the results of the process?
sperm cells are produced in the male reproductive system. this occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
Does temperature impact spermatogenesis? How? What adaptations exist to deal with this impact?
it does affect spermatogenisis and makes it produce less. the scrotum protects it from heat.
Explain oogenesis. Where does oogenesis take place? What are the results of meiosis?
oogenia will undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytes. it occurs through two divisions of meiosis.
NOTE: produces 3 polar bodies and 1 complete ovum.
What is the cloaca?
common chamber for all intestinal, reproductive, and excretory products
Define oviparous.
Oviparous: egg laying- outside of the body(egg laying vertebrates)
What is the difference between internal and external fertilization?
internal fertilization: sperm fertilized the egg inside of the body.
external fertilization: sperm fertilized egg outside of body .
With internal fertilization, where does fertilization typically take place?
inside the female’s reproductive tract, oviduct.
where the sperm meets the egg and fuses into a zygote.
What are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus and various organelles within their cytoplasm
What is the difference between the plasma membrane and a cell wall? What kinds of cells have each?
Plasma Membrane is a type of phospholipid layer available in all types of cells. It protects the protoplasm and checks the passage of molecules inside the cell. Whereas the cell wall is found in the plant cell, fungi, bacteria only.
What organelles generate energy for animal cells
mitochondria
What organisms are considered the cellular level of organization? With what organisms do we start to see the tissue level
of organization?
cellular level of organization: bacteria and protozoa
we start to see tissue level of organization in Phylum Cnidaria(like jellyfish).
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
-outside of the body, protective covering
- inside of the body, lines the cavities, organs, and passageways.
What is the function of connective tissue?
Connective tissue- cells dispersed in a matrix. supports, protects, and gives structure to organs and tissues.
Smooth muscle
smooth muscle- base of hair follicles, walls of blood vessels, within tracts, non-striated, single nucleus.
What is the function of nervous tissue? What kinds of cells make up nervous tissue?
receive stimuli, conduct of impulses
two types of cells
neurons(nerves)- cells that transmit the impulse
Neuroglia(glial cells)- supporting neutrons.
What is symbiosis? What are different examples of symbiosis? How are they different from each other?
symbiosis is a close and prolonged relationship between 2 organisms of different species.
1) mutualism +/+
2) commensalism +/0
3) paratism +/-
What is the difference between an endoparasite and an ectoparasite? Provide examples of each
ectoparasites live on the outer body surface of the host
endoparasites live inside the cells, tissues, or the alimentary canal of the host.
What are advantages and disadvantages of being an ectoparasite? What are advantages and disadvantages of being an
endoparasite?
Ectoparasite
Advantage:
-case of dispersal
-safe from host’s immune system
Disadvantage:
-vulnerability to natural enemies
-exposure to external environment
-feeding more difficult
Endoparasite
Advantage:
-ease of feeding
-protected from external environment
-safer from natural enemies
Disadvantage:
-vulnerability to hosts immune system
-dispersal more difficult
What are the examples of parasites we covered in Kingdom Protista? What kinds of diseases or symptoms do they cause?
Plasmodium(malaria)
Entamoeba(causes amoebic dysentery)
Trypanosoma(African sleeping sickness)
What are the examples of parasites we covered in Phylum Platyhelminthes? What kinds of adaptations do these organisms
have to be effective parasites? What kinds of organisms are used as hosts or intermediates?
Class Cestoda(tapeworms)
- live in digestive tract.
-scolex head with hooks
-absorb nutrients through cell wall
What are the examples of parasites we covered in Phylum Nematoda? How do these organisms come into contact with
humans?
Roundworms
-Ascaris
-Necator americanus- hookworm
- enters through skin contact with soil.
- Enterobius Vermicularis- pin worm
-inhaling or digesting eggs
What are the examples of parasites we covered in Phylum Arthropoda? What kinds of adaptations do these organisms
have to be effective parasites?
Tick, lice, botflies (animals with exoskeleton)
Crustacean- tongue eating louse
What examples of parasites did we cover from Phylum Chordata? What kinds of organisms are the hosts?
Animals with spinal cords
Lamprey
Candiru
Explain what processes occur when sperm fertilizes the egg? What prevents multiple sperm from fertilizing the egg?
fertilization cone forms where the sperm contacts the vitelline membrane.
Fast block;slow block (cortical reaction)
forms the fertilization membrane= permanent physical barrier to other sperm.
Why is the yolk important when talking about development
- provides nutrients
What impact does yolk have on cleavage?
if yolk is too dense in a particular area, cleavage can be incomplete.
What is meroblastic and holoblastic cleavage?
meroblastic- cleavage only occursin part of the egg
holoblastic- complete cleavage
What is the difference between radial and spiral cleavage?
Spiral- upper level cells stacked/packed in between the lower cells(protostomes)
Radial- upper cells are on top of lower cells. (deutorostomes)
What is blastulation? What is the blastocoel? Ba able to draw a blastula
Blastulation is where cleavage develops up until.
A blastocoel is when cells are layered around d a fluid filled cavity.
Blastula- ball of cells
What is gastrulation? How is this related to the ectoderm and endoderm germ layers? Draw a picture of a gastrula
Blastula develops into 2-3 germ layer embryo.
One side of the blastula undergoes invagination (inward bending)
Other layer is formed (ectoderm, endoderm)
What does it mean to be diploblastic versus triploblastic? What layers are present in each?
diploblastic is 2 layers (endoderm, ectoderm)
Triploblastic is 3 layers (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm)
define oviviparous
Ovoviparous: fertilized egg will stay in the oviduct or uterus until hatching. (fish, reptiles)
define viviparous
Viviparous: fertilized egg(without a shell) developed in the oviduct or ovaries.(mammals, lizards, snakes)
simple squamous epithelial:
single layer of cells, lines vessels, lines lungs, lines cavities, allows for easy diffusion of small molecules(O2 and CO2)
What are some advantages and disadvantages to sexual reproduction?
provides genetic diversity through the mixing of genes from two parents, enhancing adaptation but requiring more time and energy to find a mate and reproduce.
Loose connective tissue
anchors blood vessels and nerves
cartilage
makes up nose and ears
bone
dense connective tissue
forms tendons and ligaments
simple cuboidal:
lines ducts(of glands) and tubules(kidneys), secretion and absorption of molecules.
bone tissue
connective
simple columnar
tall, column like, secretion and absorption of molecules. lining of digestive system,, gallbladder, uterine tubes.
stratified squamous
many layers, protection against stress and abrasion. skin, lining of esophagus, anus, vagina.
transitional epithelium
many layers, oddly shaped
urinary system(bladder)
ability to stretch
Isolecithal
- evenly distributed throughout (mollusks, mammals)
Mesocecithal
- moderate amount located on the vegetal pole (amphibians)
Telocithal
- abundance pf yolk on the vegetal side(birds, reptiles)
Centrolecithal
- large, centrally located yolk(insects).
skeletal muscle
striated, voluntary movement, invertebrates and vertebrates, multi-nucleated
cardiac muscles
- only the vertebrate heart, 1 nucleus, branched.
