Lecture Exam #4

Question 1

What is respiration?

Answer 1

Getting O2 from the environment into the body(to the tissues) and releasing CO2 from the body(take away from tissues)

Question 2

What is diffusion?

Answer 2

Movement of gases from high concentration to low concentration.

Question 3

How can you improve diffusion?

Answer 3

Having larger surface area for exchang. Reducing the thickness of the barrier.

Question 4

What are the three types of respiration?

Answer 4

Cellular, internal, and external

Question 5

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 5

getting energy from food.

Question 6

what is external respiration?

Answer 6

exchange of O2 and CO2 between an organism and it’s environment across a respiratory surface. (skin surface, gills, lungs)

Question 7

what is internal respiration?

Answer 7

gases exchanged with tissues throughout the body(with the help of the circulatory system)

Question 8

Aquatic respiration

Answer 8

evagination

Question 9

air respiration

Answer 9

invagination

Question 10

lungs

Answer 10

invaginated into the body and contain the environmental medium

Question 11

external gills

Answer 11

evaginated from the body and project directly into the environment medium

Question 12

internal gills

Answer 12

evaginated from the body and project into a superficial body cavity. Through which the environmental medium is pumped.

Question 13

How do countercurrent flow mechanisms work on fish?

Answer 13

blood flow is the opposite of flow of water across gills. It provides a greater chance of oxygen diffusion due to differences In concentration. This includes the ventilation mechanisms

Question 14

what are the two ventilation mechanisms?

Answer 14

active and ram

Question 15

what is active ventilation?

Answer 15

pumping water over the gills.
-The oppurculum closed ad water drawn into mouth. The mouth then closes, oppurculum opens and water moves over gill.

Question 16

what is ram ventilation?

Answer 16

active fish, always moving forward to move more water over gills

Question 17

What is cutaneous respiration?

Answer 17

Gas exchange by direct diffusion. relies on surface are. larger animals must have other structures such as gills, lungs, trachea.

Question 18

what animals do cutaneous respiration?

Answer 18

frogs, salamanders, earthworms

Question 19

what makes birds efficient at respiration?

Answer 19

they have a system of air sacs. There is also a one way flow of air.

Question 20

How does positive pressure work?

Answer 20

They do not have a diaphragm. They inhale air onto mouth through their nostrils. Close mouth and raise the floor of their mouth which pushes air into the lungs. Positive pressure- forces the air into the lungs
ex. frogs

Question 21

How does negative pressure work?

Answer 21

During inspiration, the thoracic cavity expands. It increases the volume of the space and lowers pressure in the space. Air is draw into the lungs, during exhalation the space gets smaller.

Question 22

How is lung ventilation different in mammals in comparison to other organisms? How does their ventilation work? How is this different from birds?

Answer 22

In mammals, lung ventilation is actually very inefficient(we don’t get all used air out before new air comes in) Only 1/6th of air is replenished. Birds have an efficient system of air sacs.

Question 23

What are the benefits and disadvantages of using water for gas exchange?

Answer 23

gills have increased surface area and exposure to water.

Question 24

What are the functions of the Circulatory system?

Answer 24

• transports materials to and from cells
• gases
  -wastes
  -hormones

Question 25

what is a basic circulatory system?

Answer 25

water is the medium. Cilia or body movement will move the fluid through channels for direct diffusion. ex. porifera, cnidaria

Question 26

what is an open circulatory system

Answer 26

no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. No small blood vessels of capillaries for exchange at the cells. Pumped by heart. Ex. arthropods, molluscs

Question 27

what is a closed circulatory system

Answer 27

blood Is pumped by heart, blood is confined to vessels that return it to the heart. ex. annelids, all vertebrates

Question 28

blood vessels

Answer 28

thin one cell layer

Question 29

arteries

Answer 29

move blood away from the heart

Question 30

arterioles

Answer 30

narrow/smaller arteries

Question 31

capillaries

Answer 31

exchange with cells- nhutrients, metabolic waste, oxygen, carbon dioxide

Question 32

venules

Answer 32

narrowed/smaller veins

Question 33

veins

Answer 33

move blood back towards the heart

Question 34

two chambered hearts

Answer 34

fish

Question 35

blood flow of 2 chambered heart

Answer 35

venous- atrium-ventricle- conus arterious

Question 36

single circulation

Answer 36

blood passes through heart once

Question 37

double circulation

Answer 37

through the heart two times

Question 38

three chambered hearts

Answer 38

amphibians, reptiles

Question 39

blood flow of 3 chambered hearts

Answer 39

right atrium- ventricle- lungs- left atrium- ventricle- body- right atrium

Question 40

what is different about a reptiles heart

Answer 40

they have a septum that partially divides the ventricle

Question 41

how does crocodile hearts differ from reptiles

Answer 41

the septum goes all the way up, it becomes 4 chambered

Question 42

four chambered hearts

Answer 42

mammals, birds, crocodiles

Question 43

blood flow of four chambered hearts

Answer 43

right atrium- right ventricle- pulmonary artery- lungs- pulmonary veins- left atrium- left ventricle- body- superior vena cava and inferior vena cava- right atrium

Question 44

what is the function of the valves in the heart

Answer 44

prevent back flow and keep blood moving one-way.

Question 45

what is the function of digestive system

Answer 45

mechanical and chemical(or both) breakdown of nutrient rich material into smaller pieces for absorption.

Question 46

what is unicellular digestion

Answer 46

usually digestion isn't needed, some will capture particles in food vacuoles ex. protista, paramecium

Question 47

what is intracellular digestion

Answer 47

unicellular eukaryotes and sponges

Question 48

what is extracellular digestion

Answer 48

certain cells secrete material for chemical digestion, other cells absorb. ex. arthropods, vertebrates use only extracellular digestion

Question 49

complete vs incomplete digestive tract

Answer 49

incomplete has a single opening mouth-anus. complete has mouth and anus, usually seperated from the outer wall

Question 50

functions of the alimentary canal

Answer 50

reception conduction digestion grinding absorption concentration of solids

Question 51

what are the regions of the alimentary canal

Answer 51

foregut- ingestion, storage midgut- absorption, continued breakdown hindgut- excretion of waste

Question 52

salivary glands

Answer 52

digestive enzymes and lubiracte food

Question 53

pancreas

Answer 53

digestive enzyms into intestines

Question 54

liver

Answer 54

bile

Question 55

gallbladder

Answer 55

concentrates bile

Question 56

cecum

Answer 56

Additional bacteria/breakdown plant matter

Question 57

suspension feeding

Answer 57

using ciliated surfaces to create a current bringing food particles into mouths. trap food on sheets of mucus move food to digestive tract or trap food and move to mouth

Question 58

filter feeding

Answer 58

type of suspension feeding. Additional modification that works as a filtering device to strain food from water ex. gill rakers

Question 59

dentition can tell us about ___________.

Answer 59

diet

Question 60

tooth structure

Answer 60

3 layers of calcified tissue enamel: hardest material in the body 98% mineral dentine: 75% mineral Cementum: thin covering over dentine in the root

Question 61

polyphyodont

Answer 61

replaced continuously ex. sharks

Question 62

diphyodont

Answer 62

two generations of teeth ex. humans

Question 63

incisors

Answer 63

biting, cutting, stripping

Question 64

canines

Answer 64

piercing, tearing, holding

Question 65

premolars

Answer 65

grinding, crushing

Question 66

molars

Answer 66

grinding, crushing

Question 67

characteristics of non ruminant herbivores

Answer 67

monograstric stomach releasing enzymes themselves lack of nutrient absorption

Question 68

characteristics of ruminant herbivores

Answer 68

microorganisms in rumen are digesting chambered stomach to max efficiency rumination(cud chewing) evolved only one time

Question 69

examples of ruminants

Answer 69

deer, moose, giraffe, cow, sheep

Question 70

what is the rumen

Answer 70

large space filled with bacteria that breakdown material

Question 71

reticulum

Answer 71

smaller, fermentation, collects small foreign materials

Question 72

omasum

Answer 72

grinds food to increase surface area

Question 73

abomasum

Answer 73

"true" stomach secretes digestive acid