Lecture Exam #4 Flashcards
What is respiration?
Getting O2 from the environment into the body(to the tissues) and releasing CO2 from the body(take away from tissues)
What is diffusion?
Movement of gases from high concentration to low concentration.
How can you improve diffusion?
Having larger surface area for exchang. Reducing the thickness of the barrier.
What are the three types of respiration?
Cellular, internal, and external
What is cellular respiration?
getting energy from food.
what is external respiration?
exchange of O2 and CO2 between an organism and it’s environment across a respiratory surface. (skin surface, gills, lungs)
what is internal respiration?
gases exchanged with tissues throughout the body(with the help of the circulatory system)
Aquatic respiration
evagination
air respiration
invagination
lungs
invaginated into the body and contain the environmental medium
external gills
evaginated from the body and project directly into the environment medium
internal gills
evaginated from the body and project into a superficial body cavity. Through which the environmental medium is pumped.
How do countercurrent flow mechanisms work on fish?
blood flow is the opposite of flow of water across gills. It provides a greater chance of oxygen diffusion due to differences In concentration. This includes the ventilation mechanisms
what are the two ventilation mechanisms?
active and ram
what is active ventilation?
pumping water over the gills.
-The oppurculum closed ad water drawn into mouth. The mouth then closes, oppurculum opens and water moves over gill.
what is ram ventilation?
active fish, always moving forward to move more water over gills
What is cutaneous respiration?
Gas exchange by direct diffusion. relies on surface are. larger animals must have other structures such as gills, lungs, trachea.
what animals do cutaneous respiration?
frogs, salamanders, earthworms
what makes birds efficient at respiration?
they have a system of air sacs. There is also a one way flow of air.
How does positive pressure work?
They do not have a diaphragm. They inhale air onto mouth through their nostrils. Close mouth and raise the floor of their mouth which pushes air into the lungs. Positive pressure- forces the air into the lungs
ex. frogs
How does negative pressure work?
During inspiration, the thoracic cavity expands. It increases the volume of the space and lowers pressure in the space. Air is draw into the lungs, during exhalation the space gets smaller.
How is lung ventilation different in mammals in comparison to other organisms? How does their ventilation work? How is this different from birds?
In mammals, lung ventilation is actually very inefficient(we don’t get all used air out before new air comes in) Only 1/6th of air is replenished. Birds have an efficient system of air sacs.
What are the benefits and disadvantages of using water for gas exchange?
gills have increased surface area and exposure to water.
What are the functions of the Circulatory system?
- transports materials to and from cells
- gases
-wastes
-hormones
what is a basic circulatory system?
water is the medium. Cilia or body movement will move the fluid through channels for direct diffusion.
ex. porifera, cnidaria
what is an open circulatory system
no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. No small blood vessels of capillaries for exchange at the cells. Pumped by heart.
Ex. arthropods, molluscs
what is a closed circulatory system
blood Is pumped by heart, blood is confined to vessels that return it to the heart. ex. annelids, all vertebrates
blood vessels
thin one cell layer
arteries
move blood away from the heart
arterioles
narrow/smaller arteries
capillaries
exchange with cells- nhutrients, metabolic waste, oxygen, carbon dioxide
venules
narrowed/smaller veins
veins
move blood back towards the heart
two chambered hearts
fish
blood flow of 2 chambered heart
venous- atrium-ventricle- conus arterious
single circulation
blood passes through heart once
double circulation
through the heart two times
three chambered hearts
amphibians, reptiles
blood flow of 3 chambered hearts
right atrium- ventricle- lungs- left atrium- ventricle- body- right atrium
what is different about a reptiles heart
they have a septum that partially divides the ventricle
how does crocodile hearts differ from reptiles
the septum goes all the way up, it becomes 4 chambered
four chambered hearts
mammals, birds, crocodiles
blood flow of four chambered hearts
right atrium- right ventricle- pulmonary artery- lungs- pulmonary veins- left atrium- left ventricle- body- superior vena cava and inferior vena cava- right atrium
what is the function of the valves in the heart
prevent back flow and keep blood moving one-way.
what is the function of digestive system
mechanical and chemical(or both) breakdown of nutrient rich material into smaller pieces for absorption.
what is unicellular digestion
usually digestion isn’t needed, some will capture particles in food vacuoles
ex. protista, paramecium
what is intracellular digestion
unicellular eukaryotes and sponges
what is extracellular digestion
certain cells secrete material for chemical digestion, other cells absorb.
ex. arthropods, vertebrates use only extracellular digestion
complete vs incomplete digestive tract
incomplete has a single opening mouth-anus. complete has mouth and anus, usually seperated from the outer wall
functions of the alimentary canal
reception
conduction
digestion
grinding
absorption
concentration of solids
what are the regions of the alimentary canal
foregut- ingestion, storage
midgut- absorption, continued breakdown
hindgut- excretion of waste
salivary glands
digestive enzymes and lubiracte food
pancreas
digestive enzyms into intestines
liver
bile
gallbladder
concentrates bile
cecum
Additional bacteria/breakdown plant matter
suspension feeding
using ciliated surfaces to create a current bringing food particles into mouths. trap food on sheets of mucus move food to digestive tract or trap food and move to mouth
filter feeding
type of suspension feeding. Additional modification that works as a filtering device to strain food from water
ex. gill rakers
dentition can tell us about ___________.
diet
tooth structure
3 layers of calcified tissue
enamel: hardest material in the body 98% mineral
dentine: 75% mineral
Cementum: thin covering over dentine in the root
polyphyodont
replaced continuously ex. sharks
diphyodont
two generations of teeth ex. humans
incisors
biting, cutting, stripping
canines
piercing, tearing, holding
premolars
grinding, crushing
molars
grinding, crushing
characteristics of non ruminant herbivores
monograstric stomach
releasing enzymes themselves
lack of nutrient absorption
characteristics of ruminant herbivores
microorganisms in rumen are digesting
chambered stomach to max efficiency
rumination(cud chewing)
evolved only one time
examples of ruminants
deer, moose, giraffe, cow, sheep
what is the rumen
large space filled with bacteria that breakdown material
reticulum
smaller, fermentation, collects small foreign materials
omasum
grinds food to increase surface area
abomasum
“true” stomach
secretes digestive acid
