Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

zoology > Lecture Exam #4 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration?

A

Getting O2 from the environment into the body(to the tissues) and releasing CO2 from the body(take away from tissues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of gases from high concentration to low concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can you improve diffusion?

A

Having larger surface area for exchang. Reducing the thickness of the barrier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three types of respiration?

A

Cellular, internal, and external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

getting energy from food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is external respiration?

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between an organism and it’s environment across a respiratory surface. (skin surface, gills, lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is internal respiration?

A

gases exchanged with tissues throughout the body(with the help of the circulatory system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Aquatic respiration

A

evagination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

air respiration

A

invagination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lungs

A

invaginated into the body and contain the environmental medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

external gills

A

evaginated from the body and project directly into the environment medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

internal gills

A

evaginated from the body and project into a superficial body cavity. Through which the environmental medium is pumped.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do countercurrent flow mechanisms work on fish?

A

blood flow is the opposite of flow of water across gills. It provides a greater chance of oxygen diffusion due to differences In concentration. This includes the ventilation mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the two ventilation mechanisms?

A

active and ram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is active ventilation?

A

pumping water over the gills.
-The oppurculum closed ad water drawn into mouth. The mouth then closes, oppurculum opens and water moves over gill.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is ram ventilation?

A

active fish, always moving forward to move more water over gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is cutaneous respiration?

A

Gas exchange by direct diffusion. relies on surface are. larger animals must have other structures such as gills, lungs, trachea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what animals do cutaneous respiration?

A

frogs, salamanders, earthworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what makes birds efficient at respiration?

A

they have a system of air sacs. There is also a one way flow of air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does positive pressure work?

A

They do not have a diaphragm. They inhale air onto mouth through their nostrils. Close mouth and raise the floor of their mouth which pushes air into the lungs. Positive pressure- forces the air into the lungs
ex. frogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does negative pressure work?

A

During inspiration, the thoracic cavity expands. It increases the volume of the space and lowers pressure in the space. Air is draw into the lungs, during exhalation the space gets smaller.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is lung ventilation different in mammals in comparison to other organisms? How does their ventilation work? How is this different from birds?

A

In mammals, lung ventilation is actually very inefficient(we don’t get all used air out before new air comes in) Only 1/6th of air is replenished. Birds have an efficient system of air sacs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the benefits and disadvantages of using water for gas exchange?

A

gills have increased surface area and exposure to water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the functions of the Circulatory system?

A
  • transports materials to and from cells
  • gases
    -wastes
    -hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is a basic circulatory system?

A

water is the medium. Cilia or body movement will move the fluid through channels for direct diffusion.
ex. porifera, cnidaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is an open circulatory system

A

no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. No small blood vessels of capillaries for exchange at the cells. Pumped by heart.
Ex. arthropods, molluscs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is a closed circulatory system

A

blood Is pumped by heart, blood is confined to vessels that return it to the heart. ex. annelids, all vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

blood vessels

A

thin one cell layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

arteries

A

move blood away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

arterioles

A

narrow/smaller arteries

31
Q

capillaries

A

exchange with cells- nhutrients, metabolic waste, oxygen, carbon dioxide

32
Q

venules

A

narrowed/smaller veins

33
Q

veins

A

move blood back towards the heart

34
Q

two chambered hearts

A

fish

35
Q

blood flow of 2 chambered heart

A

venous- atrium-ventricle- conus arterious

36
Q

single circulation

A

blood passes through heart once

37
Q

double circulation

A

through the heart two times

38
Q

three chambered hearts

A

amphibians, reptiles

39
Q

blood flow of 3 chambered hearts

A

right atrium- ventricle- lungs- left atrium- ventricle- body- right atrium

40
Q

what is different about a reptiles heart

A

they have a septum that partially divides the ventricle

41
Q

how does crocodile hearts differ from reptiles

A

the septum goes all the way up, it becomes 4 chambered

42
Q

four chambered hearts

A

mammals, birds, crocodiles

43
Q

blood flow of four chambered hearts

A

right atrium- right ventricle- pulmonary artery- lungs- pulmonary veins- left atrium- left ventricle- body- superior vena cava and inferior vena cava- right atrium

44
Q

what is the function of the valves in the heart

A

prevent back flow and keep blood moving one-way.

45
Q

what is the function of digestive system

A

mechanical and chemical(or both) breakdown of nutrient rich material into smaller pieces for absorption.

46
Q

what is unicellular digestion

A

usually digestion isn’t needed, some will capture particles in food vacuoles
ex. protista, paramecium

47
Q

what is intracellular digestion

A

unicellular eukaryotes and sponges

48
Q

what is extracellular digestion

A

certain cells secrete material for chemical digestion, other cells absorb.
ex. arthropods, vertebrates use only extracellular digestion

49
Q

complete vs incomplete digestive tract

A

incomplete has a single opening mouth-anus. complete has mouth and anus, usually seperated from the outer wall

50
Q

functions of the alimentary canal

A

reception
conduction
digestion
grinding
absorption
concentration of solids

51
Q

what are the regions of the alimentary canal

A

foregut- ingestion, storage
midgut- absorption, continued breakdown
hindgut- excretion of waste

52
Q

salivary glands

A

digestive enzymes and lubiracte food

53
Q

pancreas

A

digestive enzyms into intestines

54
Q

liver

A

bile

55
Q

gallbladder

A

concentrates bile

56
Q

cecum

A

Additional bacteria/breakdown plant matter

57
Q

suspension feeding

A

using ciliated surfaces to create a current bringing food particles into mouths. trap food on sheets of mucus move food to digestive tract or trap food and move to mouth

58
Q

filter feeding

A

type of suspension feeding. Additional modification that works as a filtering device to strain food from water
ex. gill rakers

59
Q

dentition can tell us about ___________.

A

diet

60
Q

tooth structure

A

3 layers of calcified tissue
enamel: hardest material in the body 98% mineral
dentine: 75% mineral
Cementum: thin covering over dentine in the root

61
Q

polyphyodont

A

replaced continuously ex. sharks

62
Q

diphyodont

A

two generations of teeth ex. humans

63
Q

incisors

A

biting, cutting, stripping

64
Q

canines

A

piercing, tearing, holding

65
Q

premolars

A

grinding, crushing

66
Q

molars

A

grinding, crushing

67
Q

characteristics of non ruminant herbivores

A

monograstric stomach
releasing enzymes themselves
lack of nutrient absorption

68
Q

characteristics of ruminant herbivores

A

microorganisms in rumen are digesting
chambered stomach to max efficiency
rumination(cud chewing)
evolved only one time

69
Q

examples of ruminants

A

deer, moose, giraffe, cow, sheep

70
Q

what is the rumen

A

large space filled with bacteria that breakdown material

71
Q

reticulum

A

smaller, fermentation, collects small foreign materials

72
Q

omasum

A

grinds food to increase surface area

73
Q

abomasum

A

“true” stomach
secretes digestive acid

zoology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions